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指導(dǎo)教師 馬少輝 伸縮扒指小型殘膜回收機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì) 班級(jí) 農(nóng)機(jī)12 2學(xué)生 安懂懂學(xué)號(hào) 8031208231 自20世紀(jì)70年代起 我國開始將地膜覆蓋技術(shù)應(yīng)用于棉花生產(chǎn) 地膜覆蓋栽培具有增溫 保水 保肥 改善土壤理化性質(zhì) 提高土壤肥力 抑制雜草生長 減輕病害等作用 有效提高棉花產(chǎn)量 增加農(nóng)民收入 地膜覆蓋技術(shù)有如此優(yōu)點(diǎn) 使地膜棉花發(fā)展十分迅猛 但由于多年連續(xù)使用地膜 農(nóng)民對(duì)地膜回收不注重 或者回收率不高 殘膜量逐年增加 不僅影響棉花產(chǎn)量而且對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境有一定的破壞 所以 要注重對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)殘膜的回收 殘膜的回收有人工撿拾和機(jī)械回收兩種方式 手工撿拾殘膜勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大 費(fèi)工費(fèi)時(shí)且回收率低 撿拾不干凈 而機(jī)械回收殘膜 可以克服人工撿拾的這些不足 因此 研究各種經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用的殘膜回收機(jī)對(duì)于減少土地污染以及保持農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有十分重要的意義 設(shè)計(jì)背景及意義 現(xiàn)有殘膜回收機(jī)構(gòu)的大致種類 一 苗期殘膜回收機(jī)二 收獲后殘膜回收機(jī)1 伸縮扒齒式撿拾滾筒2 彈齒式拾膜部件3 鏟式起茬收膜部件4 輪齒式收膜部件5 齒鏈?zhǔn)绞漳げ考偨Y(jié) 苗期殘膜回收機(jī)易傷苗 設(shè)計(jì)難度較大 一般采用收獲后殘膜回收機(jī) 以伸縮扒桿式為主要代表通過在墾區(qū)部分地區(qū)的實(shí)際使用 證明其結(jié)構(gòu)合理 性能比較穩(wěn)定 但邊摸被壓在土壤下面 回收時(shí)棉花秸稈的阻擋會(huì)造成撕扯 仍然不能更好的回收殘膜 所以 我們考慮將邊膜與中膜分別回收 設(shè)計(jì)方案的選擇 將邊膜與中膜分別回收 用刀片將邊膜與中膜切開 中膜由伸縮扒指機(jī)構(gòu)回收 邊膜則用起膜鏟鏟起由扎膜滾扎回收 設(shè)計(jì)工作原理及注意事項(xiàng) 主視圖 主要部件及注意事項(xiàng) 一 扒指在曲軸上的安裝 伸縮扒指機(jī)構(gòu) 大學(xué)本科的學(xué)習(xí)生活即將結(jié)束 在此 我要感謝所有曾經(jīng)教導(dǎo)過我的老師和關(guān)心過我的同學(xué) 他們?cè)谖页砷L過程中給予了我很大的幫助 本文能夠順利完成 要特別感謝我的導(dǎo)師馬少輝老師 感謝各位本院的老師的關(guān)心和幫助 設(shè)計(jì)有什么沒考慮到或者設(shè)計(jì)不合理的地方 請(qǐng)各位老師批評(píng)指正 謝謝 致謝 前 言
自20世紀(jì)70年代起,我國開始將地膜覆蓋技術(shù)應(yīng)用于棉花生產(chǎn)。地膜覆蓋栽培具有增溫、保水、保肥、改善土壤理化性質(zhì)，提高土壤肥力，抑制雜草生長，減輕病害的作用，在連續(xù)降雨的情況下還有降低濕度的功能，從而促進(jìn)植株生長發(fā)育，提早開花結(jié)果，增加產(chǎn)量、減少勞動(dòng)力成本等作用。該技術(shù)不僅可以大幅度提高冷浸爛泥田、高崗?fù)焯锖腿彼锏乃井a(chǎn)量，而且對(duì)解決我國水資源比較缺乏的問題具有重要的作用。地膜水稻技術(shù)平均畝增產(chǎn)100千克以上，畝節(jié)水100～400方，在我國南北方都有發(fā)展前景。目前，該技術(shù)體系主要包括水稻覆膜插秧濕潤栽培技術(shù)和水稻覆膜穴播濕種技術(shù)。水稻覆膜插秧濕潤栽培技術(shù)適宜在南方的高寒田、冷浸田、旱崗田和缺水田推廣應(yīng)用，水稻覆膜穴播濕種技術(shù)適宜在北方降水量較少，水資源和熱資源較貧乏的干旱或半干旱地區(qū)應(yīng)用。
地膜覆蓋技術(shù)有如此優(yōu)點(diǎn)，使地膜棉花發(fā)展十分迅猛。但由于多年連續(xù)使用地膜，農(nóng)民對(duì)地膜回收不注重，或者回收率不高，地膜殘留于土壤較多。據(jù)對(duì)多年使用地膜的棉田調(diào)查, 殘膜對(duì)棉田的污染和危害逐年加重, 導(dǎo)致土壤容重增加, 影響棉花種子發(fā)芽出苗, 產(chǎn)量降低。
所以，要注重對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)殘膜的回收。目前，殘膜的回收有人工撿拾和機(jī)械回收兩種方式。手工撿拾殘膜勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大，費(fèi)工費(fèi)時(shí)且回收率低，撿拾不干凈，時(shí)間長了帶來殘膜的積累，對(duì)土地嚴(yán)重的污染，嚴(yán)重影響弄作物的生長。季節(jié)回收殘膜，可以克服人工撿拾的不足，是殘膜回收的有效方法。因此，研究各種經(jīng)濟(jì)使用的殘膜回收機(jī)對(duì)于減少土地污染以及保持農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有十分重要的意義。
目 錄
1 課題的提出及意義 1
2 國內(nèi)外殘膜回收機(jī)現(xiàn)狀研究 1
2.1 國外殘膜回收機(jī)現(xiàn)狀 1
2.2 國內(nèi)殘膜回收機(jī)研究的現(xiàn)狀 2
2.2.1苗期殘膜回收機(jī) 2
2.2.2收獲后殘膜回收機(jī) 2
3 設(shè)計(jì)方案的選擇 5
4 起膜鏟性能改進(jìn)研究 6
4.1 起膜鏟在收膜機(jī)中的作用 6
4.2 起膜鏟實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì) 6
5 殘膜回收機(jī)齒的載荷分析 7
5.1 整體分析 7
5.2 殘膜回收機(jī)撿膜桿齒上的載荷 8
6 特殊部件的安裝說明 10
6.1 桿齒在曲軸上的安裝 10
6.2 刀盤的安裝 10
7 軸的校核計(jì)算 11
7.1 軸1的校核計(jì)算 11
7.1.1彎矩受力計(jì)算 11
7.1.2計(jì)算作用于軸上的支反力，彎矩 11
7.1.3校核軸的強(qiáng)度 12
7.2 軸2的校核計(jì)算 12
8 裝配質(zhì)量 14
9 總結(jié) 15
10 致謝 16
11 參考文獻(xiàn) 17
生產(chǎn)膠粉—廢舊輪胎回收利用的方向
摘要：隨著橡膠工業(yè)及汽車工業(yè)的發(fā)展，大量的廢舊輪胎、橡膠制品及其邊角廢料也不斷增多，據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國每年僅輪胎報(bào)廢量就不少于150萬噸，并以每年10％的速度遞增。由于不能得到綜合利用，大多成為工業(yè)垃圾，既浪費(fèi)了大量的可用資源，又造成了環(huán)境污染。
關(guān)鍵詞：膠粉 隔音壁
隨著橡膠工業(yè)及汽車工業(yè)的發(fā)展，大量的廢舊輪胎、橡膠制品及其邊角廢料也不斷增多，據(jù) 統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國每年僅輪胎報(bào)廢量就不少于150萬噸，并以每年10％的速度遞增。由于不能得到綜合利用，大多成為工業(yè)垃圾，既浪費(fèi)了大量的可用資源，又造成了環(huán)境污染。長期以來，應(yīng)用最廣泛的處理廢舊橡膠和廢舊輪胎的方法是制造再生橡膠，但這種方法存在耗能高、勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大、效率低，污染嚴(yán)重等問題。
自七十年代以來，工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家在廢舊橡膠的二次利用方面有了很大的發(fā)展。尤其是九十年代以來，相繼研究出常溫和低溫粉碎工藝制造微細(xì)硫化膠粉的方法并形成規(guī)模生產(chǎn)。這種精細(xì)膠粉(80--120目)是一種重要的添加劑。例如，將精細(xì)膠粉添加到天然橡膠中(一般橡膠制品的摻入量可達(dá)50％)，可提高膠粉的靜態(tài)性能，耐疲勞等動(dòng)態(tài)性能。在德國，輪胎制品中加入20％的膠粉，可提高其耐磨性，延長輪胎的使用壽命，膠粉越細(xì)，提高的幅度越大。膠粉的價(jià)格只有天然橡膠的1/3一1/2，由此可大大地降低輪胎成本。精細(xì)膠粉還可以添加到塑料中，生產(chǎn)出來的橡塑材料，強(qiáng)度高、耐磨、彈性好、擴(kuò)大了塑料的應(yīng)用范圍。在傳統(tǒng)的建筑材料中添加精細(xì)膠粉，可生產(chǎn)出防震、防裂、防漏、耐用的新品建材。
雖然目前利用廢舊輪胎有翻新利用、切碎做燃料用于發(fā)電、化學(xué)裂解回收炭黑和燃料油、制成膠粒等多種途徑，但國際上越來越趨向于利用廢舊輪胎生產(chǎn)膠粉。因?yàn)橄鹉z粉有著不可替代的優(yōu)勢(shì)。后者沒有再生膠生產(chǎn)所帶來的污染，也沒有其他二次污染。橡膠粉最神奇的地方在于，可使廢舊輪胎的利用率達(dá)到100％，可以循環(huán)使用，是真正的循環(huán)利用并且可持續(xù)發(fā)展。美國的高速公路敷路材料中，規(guī)定必須在瀝青中添加25％以上的膠粉，可以防凍、防滑、防水塌陷，并增強(qiáng)路面的靜態(tài)及動(dòng)態(tài)強(qiáng)度，大大提高路面的承載能力(約4倍)。
目前我國在精細(xì)膠粉生產(chǎn)方面還處于落后狀態(tài)。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，全國大小再生膠企業(yè)近500家，總生產(chǎn)能力達(dá)70萬噸，產(chǎn)量約30萬噸以上，居世界首位。我國膠粉生產(chǎn)廠家大約有40多家，總產(chǎn)量約5萬噸，其生產(chǎn)和應(yīng)用總體落后，再生橡膠尚處于主導(dǎo)地位。
按照《汽車工業(yè)“九五”規(guī)劃綱要》，汽車工業(yè)將逐步發(fā)展成為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，與之配套的輪胎生產(chǎn)也將迅猛發(fā)展，這就給膠粉市場帶來了巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿?，?jù)調(diào)查，僅山東省的輪胎生產(chǎn)企業(yè)，每年所需膠粉在萬噸以上，而目前基本依靠進(jìn)口解決。同時(shí)隨著膠粉在其他領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，其市場前景是極其廣闊的。
我國廢舊輪胎生產(chǎn)膠粉技術(shù)的發(fā)展:
我國膠粉生產(chǎn)始于80年代后期。1989年我國首次組團(tuán)赴德國考察橡膠利用情況?！鞍宋濉币?guī)劃中由青島化工學(xué)院與山東高密再生膠廠、航空航天部第609研究所合作，承擔(dān)原化工部下達(dá)的“低溫冷凍法生產(chǎn)微細(xì)膠粉及其應(yīng)用研究”的攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目，冷凍采用渦輪空氣膨脹法，并于1993年通過鑒定。此后中國科學(xué)院低溫工程中心、北京航空航天大學(xué)也開展了這方面研究工作。這期間，一些原生膠生產(chǎn)廠家利用粉研后的粗膠粉(40目左右中間產(chǎn)品)，經(jīng)活化處理生產(chǎn)數(shù)量不多的活化膠粉；同時(shí)，河北、江蘇、遼寧、廣東、山東、浙江等一些地區(qū)先后從美國、意大利、法國、德國等國家的不同公司引進(jìn)10條以上生產(chǎn)線及單機(jī)設(shè)備，使我國膠粉生產(chǎn)開始起步，但這些生產(chǎn)線多采用常溫法生產(chǎn)，幾乎都只能生產(chǎn)粗膠粉和細(xì)膠粉(60目)。為此，國內(nèi)一些機(jī)械設(shè)備制造廠也開始研制采用常溫制備微細(xì)膠粉的設(shè)備。1996年以后，大連、江陰、無錫、珠海、嵊州、山西等地相繼試制出了橡膠粉碎機(jī)并進(jìn)行小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，1998年深圳東部集團(tuán)建設(shè)了常溫膠粉生產(chǎn)，1999年珠海經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)精業(yè)機(jī)電技術(shù)研究所和青島綠葉橡膠有限公司研制成功了液氮冷凍法（ＪＹ型微細(xì)膠粉生產(chǎn)線），為我國制造微細(xì)硫化膠粉又提供了成套設(shè)備，可以預(yù)見未來的微細(xì)膠粉生產(chǎn)將會(huì)有較大的發(fā)展。
常溫輥壓法在我國普遍使用。就生產(chǎn)總量來說，我國的廢膠粉碎生產(chǎn)尚以常溫輥軋法為主。一般采用雙溝輥粗碎、雙光輥或光輥細(xì)碎。在小型企業(yè)有的采用溝光輥同時(shí)進(jìn)行粗碎和細(xì)碎，當(dāng)然這樣做投資少、占地小，但設(shè)備安全和產(chǎn)量均會(huì)受到限制。國外的粗碎機(jī)一般都比國內(nèi)設(shè)備大，生產(chǎn)效率高。
近年來國內(nèi)開發(fā)了一種新型盤工粉碎機(jī)，以剪切研磨為原理，齒盤耐磨，工作壽命較長，可將粒度４毫米以下廢膠塊一次粉碎成粒度８０目以上。經(jīng)過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一定粒度的膠粉在一定性能要求下，膠粉的摻用量受到較大限制。要提高廢舊橡膠利用價(jià)值，就得對(duì)膠粉進(jìn)行改性。膠粉用各種表面處理方法改性，制成活性膠粉，不但大幅度提高摻用量，而且拉伸應(yīng)用、疲勞生熱、耐撕裂性、耐磨耗性都有提高。活性膠粉技術(shù)的發(fā)展，擴(kuò)大了膠粉代替部分生膠的應(yīng)用，改善了膠料加工性，保持了摻用量膠料的性能，減少了產(chǎn)品性能損失，同時(shí)摻用過程不需要大量投資。
目前活性膠粉有三種生產(chǎn)方法：機(jī)械化學(xué)法、單體、聚合物涂層法和輻射法。我國國內(nèi)采用機(jī)械化學(xué)法生產(chǎn)活性膠粉有了長足的進(jìn)步，在輻射法生產(chǎn)丁基再生膠和膠粉方面取得了成果，在涂層包復(fù)技術(shù)方面做了大量工作。機(jī)工化學(xué)法以其操作簡單、成本低、污染小、能耗低而成為國內(nèi)外活性膠粉生產(chǎn)的主要方法。中科院大連化學(xué)物理研究所也研制出催化劑829、改性劑869。國內(nèi)用單體、聚合物處理制造活性膠粉較引人注目的是華南理工大學(xué)用5份酚醛樹脂處理粒徑為0.6ｍｍ(30目)的膠粉。據(jù)分析酚醛樹脂與硫化膠粉形成了互穿網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)，同時(shí)酚醛樹脂與基質(zhì)膠相互擴(kuò)散，產(chǎn)生共交聯(lián)使界面層保持了較好的粘合，構(gòu)成了穩(wěn)定的多相體系。
廢舊橡膠(輪胎)常溫法精細(xì)膠粉成套生產(chǎn)線:
以廢舊橡膠（輪胎）常溫法精細(xì)膠粉成套生產(chǎn)線為主的浙江綠環(huán)橡膠粉體工程有限公司已經(jīng)在浙江嵊州市成立。公司由浙江豐利粉碎設(shè)備有限公司、浙江天堂硅谷創(chuàng)業(yè)投資有限公司和嵊州市綠環(huán)機(jī)械制造有限公司聯(lián)合投資創(chuàng)建。公司將累計(jì)投資1.5億元建成國內(nèi)最大規(guī)模的廢舊輪胎常溫精細(xì)粉碎設(shè)備生產(chǎn)基地及年產(chǎn)2萬噸的精細(xì)橡膠粉加工示范生產(chǎn)線，并以此為中心，形成廢舊輪胎回收處理、深加工及再生利用產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的國家級(jí)工業(yè)園區(qū)。新創(chuàng)建的浙江綠環(huán)公司所擁有的成套生產(chǎn)線主要是由豐利公司引進(jìn)德國技術(shù)研發(fā)的“廢舊輪胎前處理設(shè)備”和綠環(huán)公司自主開發(fā)的“XJF型廢舊橡膠常溫法精細(xì)粉碎設(shè)備”相配套而成，開創(chuàng)了在常溫條件下將廢舊輪胎整胎工業(yè)化批量生產(chǎn)60-200目精細(xì)膠粉的先例。
該常溫法精細(xì)膠粉成套生產(chǎn)線在生產(chǎn)過程中僅需配備相應(yīng)的供電裝置和水源就可以在常溫下將廢舊輪胎整胎粉碎到40～200目的精細(xì)膠粉，不但能使廢舊輪胎面膠和鋼絲、簾布脫離，從而減少了制造膠粉的工作量和脫絲分離工序，并可提高鋼絲的利用價(jià)值，降低生產(chǎn)成本，從技術(shù)上保證了膠粉的純度，而且生產(chǎn)過程無任何的二次污染。整條生產(chǎn)線具有設(shè)備配置合理、出膠率高、使用壽命長、動(dòng)力消耗低、噪音低和自動(dòng)化程度高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，各項(xiàng)技術(shù)指標(biāo)完全達(dá)到甚至超過了國外的低溫冷凍粉碎生產(chǎn)線，也優(yōu)于目前國內(nèi)剛剛開發(fā)成功的空氣渦輪冷卻制冷膠粉生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，設(shè)備投資僅低溫冷凍粉碎生產(chǎn)線的1/8左右，生產(chǎn)成本僅1/3。
該常溫法精細(xì)膠粉成套生產(chǎn)線主要由內(nèi)圈切割機(jī)、內(nèi)圈搓膠機(jī)、整胎破碎機(jī)、橡膠鋼絲分離機(jī)、破膠機(jī)、纖維分離機(jī)、精碎機(jī)、分級(jí)機(jī)、自動(dòng)稱量包裝系統(tǒng)、動(dòng)力配電系統(tǒng)、計(jì)算機(jī)自控系統(tǒng)以及相關(guān)輔助設(shè)備組成。其主要工作原理及生產(chǎn)流程：廢輪胎 → 內(nèi)圈切割機(jī) →整胎破碎機(jī) →橡膠鋼絲分離機(jī) → 橡膠鋼絲→分離機(jī)→ 破膠機(jī) → 精碎機(jī) → 空分機(jī)→ 包裝機(jī) →成品。
在生產(chǎn)作業(yè)中，所有電器動(dòng)力都可由計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控，并對(duì)全程開、關(guān)機(jī)順序進(jìn)行自動(dòng)設(shè)定，真正實(shí)現(xiàn)了生產(chǎn)線的高可靠性運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；工作中需要的冷卻水可循環(huán)使用；設(shè)有超細(xì)粉塵收集系統(tǒng)對(duì)整條生產(chǎn)線進(jìn)行粉塵收集，真正做到“一塵不染”。生產(chǎn)線具有工藝路線先進(jìn)，聯(lián)動(dòng)化、自動(dòng)化程度高，生產(chǎn)成本低，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量高以及噪音低、無污染等特點(diǎn)，為我國常溫生產(chǎn)精細(xì)膠粉走出了一條符合中國國情的新路子。
廢舊輪胎生產(chǎn)膠粉的市場利用空間：
最近兩年，膠粉工業(yè)已蓬勃發(fā)展，有關(guān)專家指出，膠粉工業(yè)代表著廢舊輪胎資源綜合利用的發(fā)展方向，一定會(huì)有廣闊的市場前景。然而值得注意的是，膠粉工業(yè)形成伊始便陷入了一種有價(jià)無市的局面。究其原因，主要是膠粉的應(yīng)用技術(shù)開發(fā)嚴(yán)重滯后。為此，專家們建議，膠粉工業(yè)當(dāng)前的關(guān)建問題是要以市場需求為導(dǎo)向，以開發(fā)應(yīng)用技術(shù)為手段，鞏固和培育五大市場：
1、輪胎市場
早在1953年，美國就把一定粒徑的膠粉用于輪胎生產(chǎn)。1989年，青島橡膠二廠在國內(nèi)首家將膠粉直接用于輪胎生產(chǎn)。1995年，膠粉應(yīng)用在原化工部重點(diǎn)廠家和一些中小企業(yè)中普及，僅69家重點(diǎn)廠在其生產(chǎn)的1870萬條輪胎中摻用的膠粉就達(dá)1.7萬噸。由于天然橡膠價(jià)格下降，膠粉質(zhì)量不穩(wěn)定等因素，1996年后膠粉在輪胎生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用出現(xiàn)滑坡，1999年起又開始回升。目前，中科進(jìn)公司等企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的８80目以上胎面膠粉已開始取代40目、60目活化膠粉，直接應(yīng)用于輪胎的生產(chǎn)，效果很好?！拜喬ナ袌觥毙柽M(jìn)一步鞏固和拓展。
2、橡膠磚市場
自1995年我國臺(tái)灣省廠商的橡膠磚制品在北京展覽館展出后，北京、紹興、福州、南京等地陸續(xù)辦廠。1999年6月《中國化工報(bào)》關(guān)于遼寧丹東《下崗夫妻成就大業(yè)，廢舊輪胎脫胎換磚》的報(bào)道更是轟動(dòng)全國，使20多個(gè)省、市區(qū)的部分企業(yè)，個(gè)人或行業(yè)主管部門都對(duì)橡膠磚產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣。當(dāng)前，要以北京市申辦2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)為契機(jī)，爭取推廣在體育場館、學(xué)校、幼兒園、社區(qū)、賓館、辦公樓等地鋪設(shè)橡膠磚、橡膠地板、跑道、草坪等，這樣不僅能消化萬噸以上膠粉，而且能進(jìn)一步拓寬國內(nèi)外市場。
3、高速公路市場
用膠粉對(duì)瀝青進(jìn)行改性鋪設(shè)公路應(yīng)用也很廣泛。中國已有一些省市如江西、湖北、廣州、北京等地，相繼鋪設(shè)了試驗(yàn)路段。實(shí)踐證明，用膠粉改性的瀝青鋪設(shè)的公路，可以減少路面龜裂和軟化，路面不易結(jié)冰和打滑，提高了行駛安全性，還可以提高路面壽命，比一般的瀝青路面的使用壽命至少提高了一倍。1.63公里的路面可以消耗掉1萬條廢輪胎。同鋪設(shè)高速公路原理一樣，在飛機(jī)跑道材料中摻用硫化膠粉，可增加跑道彈性和地面磨擦性，提高夏天抗日曬、冬天抗冰凍的能力。從而使飛機(jī)的起落平穩(wěn)，安全可靠性提高，跑道縮短，機(jī)場使用壽命延長。
4、彈性運(yùn)動(dòng)場
據(jù)報(bào)道一個(gè)網(wǎng)球場要消耗500條輪胎的膠粉，一個(gè)田徑比賽用綜合運(yùn)動(dòng)場要消耗數(shù)千條廢輪胎膠粉。無疑這種運(yùn)動(dòng)場的發(fā)展是膠粉利用的重要途徑。我國舉辦的亞運(yùn)會(huì)田徑場就是用膠料生產(chǎn)的塑膠跑道。
5、防水卷材市場
1986年，前蘇聯(lián)將膠粉成功地應(yīng)用于橡膠瀝青防水卷材，無機(jī)絕緣卷材和三層板材組成的隔音復(fù)合地板等建筑材料中。90年代以來，我國北方地區(qū)普遍開始把粗膠粉用于防水卷材。北京京辰工貿(mào)公司每年生產(chǎn)精細(xì)膠粉1000噸，用于自產(chǎn)的野牛牌防水卷材，并正在用80目以上精細(xì)膠粉開發(fā)建材新產(chǎn)品。專家的建議，政府應(yīng)進(jìn)一步規(guī)范建筑材料市場，促進(jìn)膠粉在建筑領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用?！?
6、隔音壁
隔音壁是為了降低噪音，在住宅區(qū)沿公路、機(jī)場、建筑工地等噪音發(fā)生地所設(shè)置的隔音裝置。利用膠粉制造的復(fù)合隔音壁，具有良好的噪音反射性和吸音性，而且對(duì)風(fēng)化和應(yīng)力具有較高的抵抗性。其單位面積重量輕，運(yùn)輸、組裝、解體容易。
廢舊輪胎生產(chǎn)膠粉企業(yè)需要政策扶持
北京泛洋偉業(yè)科技有限公司是一家廢舊橡膠回收利用的高新技術(shù)企業(yè)，曾經(jīng)紅紅火火。由于得不到國家政策扶植，再加上市場混亂，企業(yè)生產(chǎn)難以為繼，被迫停產(chǎn)了。該公司于2000年5月在北京遠(yuǎn)郊區(qū)投資建設(shè)年產(chǎn)1萬噸精細(xì)膠粉生產(chǎn)基地，2001年5月完成第一期5000噸生產(chǎn)線設(shè)備安裝調(diào)試，投入正式生產(chǎn)并向國內(nèi)外客戶供貨。產(chǎn)品為80-200目精細(xì)膠粉，是國內(nèi)外同行公認(rèn)的唯一一家能夠在常溫下工業(yè)化批量生產(chǎn)200目超細(xì)橡膠粉的廠家。該生產(chǎn)線從廢胎投入到精細(xì)膠粉成品的包裝，連續(xù)自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)，經(jīng)粗碎、中碎、除雜（金屬、纖維）、專用粉碎助劑處理、精碎、分級(jí)等程序，全線各工藝技術(shù)指標(biāo)在中央計(jì)算機(jī)集中控制室的監(jiān)控下進(jìn)行全自動(dòng)運(yùn)行，是國內(nèi)同行業(yè)第一條全自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)集中控制精細(xì)膠粉生產(chǎn)線，生產(chǎn)規(guī)模也名列全國同行業(yè)前矛。該公司常溫助劑法制精細(xì)膠粉，開創(chuàng)了工業(yè)化批量生產(chǎn)200目以上（粒徑75μm以下）的精細(xì)膠粉、超細(xì)膠粉，使廢舊輪胎再利用產(chǎn)品向更高附加值方向直至橡膠納米材料邁進(jìn)了一大步。這些超細(xì)膠粉在新型橡塑共混材料、新型建筑裝飾材料、特種噴涂、改性瀝青用于高速公路等新材料開發(fā)方面，有著廣闊的前景。
由于廢舊橡膠回收利用行業(yè)的混亂，國家在這一領(lǐng)域又沒有明確的政策規(guī)定，這家企業(yè)在掙扎了4年之后，被迫停產(chǎn)。一是高稅率使企業(yè)陷入嚴(yán)重虧損。由于廢舊輪胎都是從進(jìn)城收廢品的農(nóng)民手中購買，無法取得增值稅發(fā)票，企業(yè)要全部負(fù)擔(dān)銷售額17%的增值稅。環(huán)保型廢棄物再利用企業(yè)與機(jī)械、化工等其它制造業(yè)抵扣進(jìn)項(xiàng)稅后的6%實(shí)際增值稅相比，實(shí)際稅賦是他們的幾倍。高昂的廢舊輪胎收購成本和高額稅收，已經(jīng)使產(chǎn)品成本高于發(fā)達(dá)國家的同類產(chǎn)品。二是環(huán)保型再生資源產(chǎn)品的利用缺乏政策支持。膠粉作為無污染的再生資源，其應(yīng)用利國利民，理應(yīng)得到政府的大力支持，但目前由于政策方面的障礙，很難在國內(nèi)市場推廣。
有關(guān)人士呼吁，希望政府能制定一項(xiàng)切實(shí)可行的措施，對(duì)廢舊輪胎再生處理企業(yè)實(shí)行“國民待遇”。諸如調(diào)整廢舊輪胎膠粉生產(chǎn)加工，資源再利用企業(yè)的增值稅征收辦法；制定鼓勵(lì)各行各業(yè)使用橡膠資源再利用產(chǎn)品的政策等等，只有政策真正到位，才能使這些企業(yè)起死回生，也才能夠真正實(shí)現(xiàn)舊輪胎資源化的持續(xù)發(fā)展道路。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
1、聶永豐等 三廢處理工程技術(shù)手冊(cè) 北京 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 2000
2、廢變寶公司 簡論我國廢舊橡膠粉現(xiàn)狀與未來 再生資源研究 2001
Produce the gum powder- discard the direction that old tire recover exploitation
Summary:Along with rubber industry and industrial development in cars, discard a flood ofly the old one , rubber product and its side Cape waste also increases continuously, according to covariance, our country annually only the tire discards the deal little less than 1,500,000 ton, and pass to increase with every year 10% speed.Because can'ting be synthesized the exploitation, become the industry garbage mostly, since wasted a flood of using the resources, resulting in the pollution of the environment again.
Key phrase:Soundproof wall in powder in gum
Along with rubber industry and industrial development in cars, discard a flood ofly the old one , rubber product and its side Cape waste also increases continuously, according to covariance, our country annually only the tire discards the deal little less than 1,500,000 ton, and pass to increase with every year 10% speed.Because can'ting be synthesized the exploitation, become the industry garbage mostly, since wasted a flood of using the resources, resulting in the pollution of the environment again.For long time, the application handles to discard the old rubber most extensively with discard the method of the old tire is to makes the reborn rubber, but this kind of method exsits consume can high, labor the strength is big, the efficiency is low, polluting serious etc. problem.
Since 70's, the industry prospers there is in the aspects of discarding the old rubber to make use of two times very big development in nation.Is since 90's particularly, study one after another a method for the normal temperature smashes with the low temperature the very small sulphur of manufacturing of craft turns the gum powder combine the formation scale produces.This kind of fine gum powder(80-120 eyes) is a kind of important additive.For example, increase the fine gum powder to crude rubber inside( general the rubber products of add the deal can amount to 50%), can increase the function of the gum powder, bear the dynamic function in tired etc..Join 20% gum powder in Germany, tire product, can increase its bear to whet the sex, the service life of the extension tire, the gum powder is more thin, the elevated range is more big.The price of the gum powder only contain crude rubber of 1/3 a 1/2, can lower the tire cost consumedly from here.The fine gum powder can also increase the plastics inside, the material of rubber that produce out, the strength is high, bear to whet, the flexibility was good and extended the application of the plastics.Increase the fine gum powder in traditional building material, can produce the quakeproof, defend the split , leakproof, new article in heavy duty building materials.
Although the current exploitation discards the old tire turns over the new exploitation and cut to pieces to do the fuel useds for generating electricity, chemistry split solution recovery the carbon is black with fuel oil, make into gum an etc. various paths, international incline toward more and more up the exploitation discard old tire produce gum powder.Because the advantage that rubber powder have got and can't act for.The latter has no reborn the pollution that gum bring when producing, also having no the other polluting two times.The most miraculous place in powder in rubber consists in, can make utilization that discard the old tire attained 100%, can circulate the usage, is a real circulating exploitation and can keep on the development.The superhighway road material inside of the United States, provision must at increase 25% in the pitch above of gum powder, can defend the jelly, antiskid, the watertightness falls to sink, and strengthen quiet and dynamic strengths of the road, improves consumedly the loading ability of the road.( roughly 4 times)
The current our country still is placed in to fall behind the appearance in the aspects of fine gum powder producing.According to statistics incompletely, the reborn gum in national size business enterprise is near 500 house, the total production ability amount to 1,000,000 yields are roughly ten thousand tons are above, residing the world first.There are about more than 40 houses in our country gum powder production factory house, total yield roughly 50,000 ton, its production with apply the total falling behind, the reborn rubber is placed in still predominant position.
Program the outline 》 according to the 《 car industry"9 5", the car industry will develop to become the national economy a pillar industry gradually, producing with its the tire of the kit too fast fierce development, this brought the gum powder market the enormous development potential, according to inquisition, only the tire of the province of Shandong produces business enterprise, every year the gum powder needed at ten thousand ton above, but current basic depend on to import the solution.At the same time along with gum powder application in other realm, its market foreground is very and vast.
The our country discards the old tire produces the technical development in powder in gum:
The our country gum powder produces to begin from the period after 80's.Our country in 1989 first time a regiment leaves for Germany investigates the rubber makes use of the circumstance.The "8 5" programming inside be turned by Qingdao the faculty of engineering cooperates with reborn gum in high dense in Shandong factory, aviation boat a the 609 graduate schools, undertaking the original chemical engineering subordinate reach of" low temperature refrigeration the method produces very small gum powder and its application studies" of offending and closing item, refrigeration adoption turbine air inflation method, and pass to authenticate in 1993.The henceforth Chinese section college low temperature engineering center, Peking an university also opened the exhibition this aspect the research the work.This period, the some is original to living the factory house that gum produce big gum powder(40 eyes or so in the center product) makes use of the powder grind empress, through activate to handle the production quantity activate the gum powder not much;At the same time, some region in north, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Guangdong, Shandong, etc. of Zhejiang in river successively from the United States, Italy, France, Germany...etc. nation of the different company ushers in more than 10 production lines and single machine equipmentses, make our country gum powder produced to start the start, but these production lineses adopt normal temperature method more to produce, almost can produce the big gum powder with the thin gum powder.(60 eyes)For this, the local and some machine equipments manufactory also starts normal temperature system that researching to manufacture and adopting the equipments has the very small gum powder.1996 hereafter, Dalian, river's, have no tin, bead sea, mountain west etc. ground to manufacture one after another on a trial basis the rubber smashes the machine combines the proceeding small scale produces,1998 Shenzhen eastern region group developments normal temperature gum the powder produces,1999 bead sea economy with area industry machine electricity technique the graduate school researched to manufacture to succeed the liquid nitrogen the refrigeration method( very small gum in the type of ＪＹ powder production line) with the greenery rubber limited company of Qingdao, making for the our country the very small sulphur turned the gum powder to provide again an equipments, can foresee the future and very small gum the powder production will have the bigger development.
The normal temperature presses the method in the widespread usage in our country.In regard to produce gross measures, the discarding of our country gum smash the production to regard normal temperature method as principle still.The general adoption a ditch is ground, a light or light are thin ground.The business enterprise in small scaled adoption ditch light have to proceed the big at the same time ground with thin ground, do like this the investment certainly little, cover small, but the equipments safety all will suffer the restrict with the yield.The ground machine in big of the abroad is bigger than local equipments generally and all, produce the efficiency high.
In recent years local development a kind of new dish work smashes the machine, regarding shearing to slice to grind as the principle, the dish of bears to whet, working the life span is longer, can is 4 millimeters of a degree below discard the gum piece is a to smash a degree 80 eyes are above.Discovers through the research, the certain a the dosage of mix for of gum powder at certain function requesting bottom, gum powder suffers the big restrict.Toes increases to discard the old rubber make use of the value, having to proceed to change the sex to the gum powder.The gum powder handles with every kind of surface the method changes the sex, making into the live gum powder, not only significant increase mix dosage, and pull to stretch the application, fatigue livings hot, bear to tear to pieces the sex and bear to wear sex all contain exaltation.Technical development in powder in live gum, extend the gum powder replace the part livings the gluey application, improving the gum anticipate to process the sex, keeping function that mix dosage gum anticipate, reduce the product function lose, the mix does not need to pump capital into with the process at the same time.
Current live gum powder contain three kinds of productions method:The machine chemistry method, single, polymer draws the layer method with radiates method.The our country domestic adoption machine chemistry method produces live gum powder contain substantial advance, at radiate the method produced the reborn gum in foundation in D to obtain the result with the gum powder, at draw the layer pack reply the technique did large quantity the work.The domestic handles with the single, polymer live gum in manufacturing powder than the eye-catcher is a gum powder that hua south science and engineering university handles a path as with 5 fens resin 0.6 ｍｍ (thirty eyes).According to analyze the resin of fen turn with sulphur the gum powder becomes to wear the network construction with each other, the resin of fen spread with foundation quality gum mutually at the same time, producing to hand over totally the unite make interface layer keeps to glue to match betterly, constituting much more stable mutually system.
Discard the fine gum in method in normal temperature in old rubber( tire) powder a production line
Then discard the fine gum in method in normal temperature in old rubber( tire) powder a production line is the green wreath in main Zhejiang rubber powder engineering limited company have established in the state City of Zhejiang.The company be smashed by plentiful benefit in Zhejiang equipments limited company, Zhejiang heaven the gui valley starts a business to invest the limited company to make with the green wreath in the state City of machine the limited company unites the investment creates to set up.The company invest the total amount 150,020,000 0% domestics discard most large-scalely the old tire normal temperature fine smashes the equipments produces base and years produce 2 ten thousand the fine rubber powders of tons process to demonstrate the production line, and regard this as the center, the formation discards the old tire recovery handles, deep process and the rebirth makes use of the national class industrial park of the industry chain.It is new to create the green wreath in Zhejiang company that set up owns of a production line primarily be ushered in by plentiful benefit company German technique development of" before discarding the old tire handle the equipments" with green wreath company independence development of" XJF type discards the old rubber normal temperature method fine smashes the equipments" match each other a set of but, founded to under the normal temperature term will discard old tire whole embryo the industrialization the batch quantity produce 60-200 the precedent of fine gum in eyes powders.
Fine gum in the normal temperature's method powder a production line needs only in production line the power supply of the equipment cowgirl equips with the headwaters can under the normal temperature will discard old tire whole embryo smash 40 ～ 200 fine gum in purposes powder, not only can make discard the old tire gum to escape from with the steel wire, the cloth of curtain , from but reduced the workload of the manufacturing gum powder with take off the silk separate the work preface, combining can increase the exploitation of the steel wire value, lower the production cost, from the technique the pure degree that guaranteed the gum powder, but also the production line has no the any polluting two times.Whole production line has the equipments installs reasonable, a gum rate is high, the service life is long, the motive consumes low, the noise is low with automate the high etc. in degree advantage, various techniques index sign attains completely even exceed the low temperature of the abroad refrigeration smash the production line, and also better than current domestic just develop successful air turbine cool off cold gum in system powder produce technique, equipments investment only low temperature refrigeration smash the production linear 1/8 or so, the production cost is only 1/3.
Fine gum in the normal temperature's method powder a production line is main to be incised by inside turn the machine, inside turn rubs the gum machine, whole the crusher of embryo , rubber steel wire separates the machine and break the gum machine, fiber separates the ground machine, ratings in machine, machine and measure to pack automatically the system, motive goes together with to give or get an electric shock the system, calculator from control system and related assistance equipmentses constitute.Its main work principle and produce process:Discard the tire turn inside the → incise machine → whole embryo crusher → rubber steel wire separates the machine → rubbe