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題 目
JZ100型整體式液壓動力轉向器設計
論文（設計）的主要任務與具體要求（有實驗環(huán)節(jié)的要提出主要技術指標要求）
動力轉向系統是在駕駛員的控制下，借助于汽車發(fā)動機產生的液體壓力或電動機驅動力來實現車輪轉向。是一種力放大裝置。動力轉向系統由于使轉向操縱靈活、輕便，在設計汽車時對轉向器結構形式的選擇靈活性增大，能吸收路面對前輪產生的沖擊等優(yōu)點，因此已在各國的汽車制造中普遍采用。
JZ100型整體式液壓動力轉向器的外觀
主要任務：
（1）機械總裝配圖若干張；
（2）全部零件圖若干張；
（3）液壓控制原理圖；
（4）設計說明書一份，要求對轉向器參數的選擇有詳細的理論分析。
（總圖紙量達到教學大綱要求的工作量）
2.G120型整體式動力轉向器技術參數：
角傳動比： 18.62 缸徑： 90mm
轉向盤圈數： 4.65r 前軸負荷： 4.5t～6.5t
搖臂擺角： 輸出扭矩： 2501～2894N.m
泵流量： 14L/min 泵壓力： 10Mpa
3.GX90型整體式動力轉向器主要系統：
（1）機械傳動系統：滾動螺旋傳動，即常見的循環(huán)球—齒條齒扇式。
（2）控制系統： 轉閥
進度安排（包括時間劃分和各階段主要工作內容）
1．第七學期第11—12 周 交開題報告
2． 第七學期第13—20周 進行具體畢業(yè)設計初稿；
3． 第七學期第18周 交畢業(yè)設計指導老師初步檢查
4．第八學期第3周 交畢業(yè)設計指導老師中期檢查
5．第八學期第7-8周 審查、修改互動工作，
6．2016年4月24日前， 完成全部設計任務，交畢業(yè)設計；
7．第八學期第10周前 畢業(yè)論文（設計）答辯；
主要參考文獻
（1）畢大寧，《汽車轉閥式動力轉向器的設計與應用》，人民交通出版社，1998年；
（2）《重型汽車的動力轉向》，人民交通出版社，1977年；
（3）蔡興旺，《汽車構造與原理》（下冊 底盤、車身）機械工業(yè)出版社，2004年；
（4）浙江交通學校，《汽車構造教學圖冊》，人民交通出版社，1977年；
（5）數字化手冊編委會，《機械設計手冊軟件版V3版》http://www.minfre.com；
（6）《汽車轉向系設計》，中國汽車工程師之家，www.cartech8.com；
（7）王望予，《汽車設計》，機械工業(yè)出版社，2006年；
指導教師簽名
教研室審核意見
系審核意見
任務接受人（簽名）
年 月 日
負責人：
年 月 日
負責人：
年 月 日
年 月 日
備注：1、本任務書一式三份，由指導教師填寫相關欄目，經系審核同意后，系、指導教師和學生各執(zhí)一份。
2、本任務書須裝入學生的畢業(yè)設計（論文）檔案袋存檔。
http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=UQjioG0mRRwQ954UmdEtUotlq2Cx1ICPpQIX3oTUeB3b9BSwqeVcfNLDY6AsIWYHFnlaQWoNaJC3ru5ldVC3SkWxB6PNQMnf0Dx6DBtDt2a
http://www.docin.com/p-585975142.html
Steering Gear
Along with automobile electronic technology swift and violent development,the people also day enhance to the motor turning handling quality request.The motor turning system changed,the hydraulic pressure boost from the traditional machinery changes(Hydraulic Power Steering,is called HPS),the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost changes(Electric Hydraulic Power Steering,is called EHPS),develops the electrically operated boost steering system( Electric Power Steering,is called ESP),finally also will transit to the line controls the steering system(Steer By Wire,will be called SBW).
The machinery steering system is refers by pilot's physical strength achievement changes the energy,in which all power transmission all is mechanical,the automobile changes the movement is operates the steering wheel by the pilot,transmits through the diverter and a series of members changes the wheel to realize.The mechanical steering system by changes the control mechanism,the diverter and major part gearing changes 3 to be composed.
Usually may divide into according to the mechanical diverter form:The gear rack type,follows round the work-like,the worm bearing adjuster hoop type,the worm bearing adjuster refers sells the type,Is the gear rack type and follows using the broadest two kinds round the word-like(uses in needing time big steering force).In follows round the word-like in the diverter,the input changes the circle and the output steering arm pivot angle is proportional;In the gear rack type diverter,the input changes the turn and the output rack displacement is proportional.Follows round the world-like the diverter because is the rolling friction from,thus the transmission efficiency is very high,the ease of operation also the service life are long,moreover bearing capacity ,therefore widely applies on the truck.The gear rack type diverter with follows round the work-like compares,the most major characteristic is the rigidity is big,the structure compact weight is light,also the cost is low.Because this way passes on easily by the wheel the reacting force the steering wheel,therefore has to the pavement behavior response keen merit,but simultaneously also easy to have phenomena and so on go on and oscillation,also its load bearing efficiency relative weak,therefore mainly applies on the compact car and the pickup truck,at present the majority of low end passenger vehicle uses is the gear rack type machinery steering system.
Along with the vehicles carrying capacity increase as well as the people to the vehicles handling quality request enhancement,the simple mechanical type steering system were already unable to meet the needs,the power steering system arise at the historic moment,it could rotate the steering wheel while the pilot to provide the boost,the power steering system divides into the hydraulic pressure steering system and the electrically operated steering system 2kinds.Hydraulic pressure steering system is at present uses the most widespread steering system.
The hydraulic pressure steering system increased the hydraulic system in the mechanical system foundation,including hydraulic pump,V shape band pulley,drill tubing,feed installment,boost installment and control valve.It with the aid of in the motor car engine power actuation hydraulic pump,the air compressor and the generator and so on,by the fluid strength,the physical strength or the electric power increases the pilot to operate the strength which the front wheel changes,enables the pilot to be possible nimbly to operate motor turning facilely,reduced the labor intensity,enhanced the travel security.
The hydraulic pressure boost steering system from invented already had about half century history to the present,might say was one kind of more perfect system， because its work reliable,the technology mature still widely is applied until now.It takes the power supply by the hydraulic pump,after oil pipe-line control valves to power hydraulic cylinder feed,through the connecting rod impetus rotation gear movement,may changes the boost through the change cylinder bore and the flowing tubing head pressure size the size,from this achieved changes the boost the function. The traditional hydraulic pressure type power steering system may divide into generally according to the liquid flow form: Ordinary flow type and atmospheric pressure type 2 kind of types,also may divide into according to the control valve form transfers the valve type and the slide-valve type.
Along with hydraulic pressure power steering system on automobile daily popularization,the people to operates when the portability and the road feeling request also day by day enhance,however the hydraulic pressure power steering system has many shortcomings actually: ①Because its itself structure had decided it is unable to guarantee vehicles rotates the steering wheel when any operating mode,all has the ideal operation stability,namely is unable simultaneously to guarantee time the low speed changes the portability and the high speed time operation stability;② The automobile changes the characteristic to drive the pilot technical the influence to be serious;③The steering ratio is fixed,causes the motor turning response characteristic along with changes and so on vehicle speed,transverse acceleration to change,the pilot must aim at the motor turning characteristic peak-to-peak value and the phase change ahead of time carries on certain operation compensation,thus controls the automobile according to its wish travel.Like this increased pilot's operation burden,also causes in the motor turning travel not to have the security hidden danger;But hereafter appeared the electrically controlled hydraulic booster system,it increases the velocity generator in the traditional hydraulic pressure power steering system foundation,enables the automobile along with the vehicle speed change automatic control force size,has to a certain extent relaxed the traditional hydraulic pressure steering system existence question.
At present our country produces on the commercial vehicle and the passenger vehicle uses mostly is the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost steering system,it is quite mature and the application widespread steering system.Although the electrically controlled hydraulic servo alleviated the traditional hydraulic pressure from certain degree to change between the portability and the road feeling contradiction,however it did not have fundamentally to solve the HPS system existence insufficiency,along with automobile microelectronic technology development,automobile fuel oil energy conservation request as well as global initiative environmental protection,it in aspect and so on arrangement,installment, leak-proof quality,control sensitivity,energy consumption,attrition and noise insufficiencies already more and more obvious,the steering system turned towards the electrically operated boost steering system development.
The electrically operated boost steering system is the present motor turning system development direction,its principle of work is:EPS system ECU after comes from the steering wheel torque sensor and the vehicle speed sensor signal carries on analysis processing,controls the electrical machinery to have the suitable boost torque,assists the pilot to complete changes the operation.In the last few years,along with the electronic technology development,reduces EPS the cost to become large scale possibly,Japan sends the car company,Mitsubishi Car company,this field car company,US's Delphi automobile system company,TRW Corporation and Germany's ZF Corporation greatly all one after another develops EPS.Mercedes2Benz and Siemens Automotive Two big companies invested 65,000,000 pounds to use in developing EPS,the goal are together load a car to 2002,yearly produce 300 ten thousand sets,became the global EPS manufacturer.So far,the EPS system in the slight passenger vehicle,on the theater box type vehicle obtains the widespread application, and every year by 300 ten thousand speed development.
Steering is the term applied to the collection of components,linkages,etc.which allow for a vessel (ship,boat) or vehicle (car) to follow the desired course.An exception is the case of rail transport by which rail tracks combined together with railroad switches provide the steering function.
The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a hand–operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver,via the steering column,which may contain universal joints to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line.Other arrangements are sometimes found on different types of vehicles,for example,a tiller or rear-wheel steering.Tracked vehicles such as tanks usually employ differential steering -that is,the tracks are made to move at different speeds or even in opposite directions to bring about a change of course.
Many modern cars use rack and pinion steering mechanisms,where the steering wheel turns the pinion gear;the pinion moves the rack,which is a sort of linear gear which meshes with the pinion,from side to side.This motion applies steering torque to the kingpins of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever arm called the steering arm.
Older designs often use the recirculating ball mechanism,which is still found on trucks and utility vehicles.This is a variation on the older worm and sector design; the steering column turns a large screw (the "worm gear") which meshes with a sector of a gear,causing it to rotate about its axis as the worm gear is turned;an arm attached to the axis of the sector moves the pitman arm,which is connected to the steering linkage and thus steers the wheels.The recirculating ball version of this apparatus reduces the considerable friction by placing large ball bearings between the teeth of the worm and those of the screw;at either end of the apparatus the balls exit from between the two pieces into a channel internal to the box which connects them with the other end of the apparatus,thus they are "recirculated".
The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degree of feedback and direct steering "feel";it also does not normally have any backlash,or slack.A disadvantage is that it is not adjustable,so that when it does wear and develop lash,the only cure is replacement.
The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage of a much greater mechanical advantage,so that it was found on larger,heavier vehicles while the rack and pinion was originally limited to smaller and lighter ones;due to the almost universal adoption of power steering,however,this is no longer an important advantage,leading to the increasing use of rack and pinion on newer cars.The recirculating ball design also has a perceptible lash,or "dead spot" on center,where a minute turn of the steering wheel in either direction does not move the steering apparatus;this is easily adjustable via a screw on the end of the steering box to account for wear,but it cannot be entirely eliminated or the mechanism begins to wear very rapidly.This design is still in use in trucks and other large vehicles,where rapidity of steering and direct feel are less important than robustness,maintainability,and mechanical advantage.The much smaller degree of feedback with this design can also sometimes be an advantage;drivers of vehicles with rack and pinion steering can have their thumbs broken when a front wheel hits a bump,causing the steering wheel to kick to one side suddenly (leading to driving instructors telling students to keep their thumbs on the front of the steering wheel,rather than wrapping around the inside of the rim).This effect is even stronger with a heavy vehicle like a truck;recirculating ball steering prevents this degree of feedback,just as it prevents desirable feedback under normal circumstances.
The steering linkage connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conforms to a variation of Ackermann steering geometry,to account for the fact that in a turn,the inner wheel is actually traveling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel,so that the degree of toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns.
As vehicles have become heavier and switched to front wheel drive,the effort to turn the steering wheel manually has increased often to the point where major physical exertion is required.To alleviate this,auto makers have developed power steering systems.there are two types of power steering systems-hydraulic and electric electronic.there is also a hydraulic-electric hybrid system possible.
A hydraulic power steering(HPS)uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel.Electric power steering(ESP)is more efficient than the hydraulic power steering,since the electric power steering motor only needs to provide assist when the steering wheel is turned,whereas the hydraulic pump must run constantly.In ESP the assist level is easily tunable to the vehicle type,road speed,and even driver preference.An added benefit is the elimination of environmental hazard posed by leakage and disposal of hydraulic power steering fluid.
An outgrowth of power steering is speed adjustable steering,where the steering is heavily assisted at low speed and lightly assisted at high speed.The auto makers perceive that motorists might need to make large steering inputs while manoeuvering for parking,but not while traveling at high speed.The first vehicle with this feature was the Citroen SM with its Diravi layout,although rather than altering the amount of assistance as in modern power steering systems,it altered the pressure on a centring cam which made the the steering wheel try to “spring”back to the straight-ahead position.Modern speed-adjustable power steering systems reduce the pressure fed to the ram as the speed increases,giving a more direct feel.This feature is gradually becoming commonplace across all new vehicles.
Four-wheel steering(or all wheel steering)is a system employed by some vehicles to increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed,or to decrease turning radius at low speed.
In most four-wheel steering systems,the rear wheel are steered by a computer and actuators.The rear wheel generally cannot turn as far as the Alternatively,several systems,including Delphi's Quadrasteer and the system in Honda's Prelude line,allow for the rear wheels to be steered in the opposite direction as the front wheels during low speeds.This allows the vehicle to turn in a significantly smaller radius-sometimes critical for large trucks or vehicles with trailers.
汽車轉向器
隨著汽車電子技術的迅猛發(fā)展，人們對汽車轉向操縱性能的要求也日益提 高。汽車轉向系統已從傳統機械轉向、液壓助力轉向(Hydraulic Power Steering ，簡稱HPS)、電控液壓助力轉向( Electric Hydraulic Power Steering ，簡稱EHPS)，發(fā)展到電動助力轉向系統(Electric Power Steering，簡稱EPS)，最終還將過渡到線控轉向系統(Steer By Wire，簡稱SBW)。
機械轉向系統是指以駕駛員的體力作為轉向能源，其中所有傳力件都是機械 的，汽車的轉向運動是由駕駛員操縱方向盤，通過轉向器和一系列的桿件傳遞到 轉向車輪而實現的。機械轉向系由轉向操縱機構、轉向器和轉向傳動機械3大部 分組成。
通常根據機械式轉向器形式可以分為:齒輪齒條式、循環(huán)球式、蝸桿滾輪式、 蝸桿指銷式。應用最廣的兩種是齒輪齒條式和循環(huán)球式(用于需要較大的轉向力 時)。在循環(huán)球式轉向器中，輸入轉向圈與輸出的轉向搖臂擺角是成正比的；在齒輪齒條式轉向器中，輸入轉向圈數與輸出的齒條位移是成正比的。循環(huán)球式轉向器由于是滾動摩擦形式，因而正傳動效率很高，操作方便且使用壽命長，而且承載能力強，故廣泛應用于載貨汽車上。齒輪齒條式轉向器與循環(huán)球式相比，最大特點是剛性大，結構緊湊重量輕，且成本低。由于這種方式容易由車輪將反作用力傳至轉向盤，所以具有對路面狀態(tài)反應靈敏的優(yōu)點，但同時也容易產生打手和擺振等現象，且其承載效率相對較弱，故主要應用于小汽車及輕型貨車上，目前大部分低端轎車采用的就是齒輪齒條式機械轉向系統。
隨著車輛載重的增加以及人們對車輛操縱性能要求的提高，簡單的機械式轉向系統已經無法滿足需要，動力轉向系統應運而生，它能在駕駛員轉動方向盤的同時提供助力，動力轉向系統分為液壓轉向系統和電動轉向系統2種。其中液壓轉向系統是目前使用最為廣泛的轉向系統。
液壓轉向系統在機械系統的基礎上增加了液壓系統，包括液壓泵、V 形帶輪、油管、供油裝置、助力裝置和控制閥。它借助于汽車發(fā)動機的動力驅動液壓泵、空氣壓縮機和發(fā)電機等，以液力、氣力或電力增大駕駛員操縱前輪轉向的力量，使駕駛員可以輕便靈活地操縱汽車轉向，減輕了勞動強度，提高了行駛安全性。
液壓助力轉向系統從發(fā)明到現在已經有了大約半個世紀的歷史，可以說是一種較為完善的系統，由于其工作可靠、技術成熟至今仍被廣泛應用。它由液壓泵作為動力源，經油管道控制閥向動力液壓缸供油，通過活塞桿帶動轉向機構動作，可通過改變缸徑及油壓的大小來改變助力的大小，由此達到轉向助力的作用。傳統液壓式動力轉向系統一般按液流的形式可以分為:常流式和常壓式2種類型，也可根據控制閥形式分為轉閥式和滑閥式。
隨著液壓動力轉向系統在汽車上的日益普及，人們對操作時的輕便性和路感的要求也日益提高，然而液壓動力轉向系統卻存在許多的缺點：①由于其本身的結構決定了其無法保證車輛在任何工況下轉動轉向盤時，都有較理想的操縱穩(wěn)定性，即無法同時保證低速時的轉向輕便性和高速時的操縱穩(wěn)定性；②汽車的轉向特性受駕駛員駕駛技術的影響嚴重；③轉向傳動比固定，使汽車轉向響應特性隨車速、側向加速度等變化而變化，駕駛員必須提前針對汽車轉向特性幅值和相位 的變化進行一定的操作補償，從而控制汽車按其意愿行駛。這樣增加了駕駛員的 操縱負擔，也使汽車轉向行駛中存在不安全隱患；而此后出現了電控液壓助力系統，它在傳統的液壓動力轉向系統的基礎上增加速度傳感器，使汽車能夠隨著車速的變化自動調節(jié)操縱力的大小，在一定程度上緩和了傳統的液壓轉向系統存在 的問題。
目前我國生產的商用車和轎車上采用的大多是電控液壓助力轉向系統，它是比較成熟和應用廣泛的轉向系統。盡管電控液壓助力裝置從一定程度上緩解了傳統的液壓轉向中輕便性和路感之間的矛盾，然而它還是沒有從根本上解決HPS系統存在的不足，隨著汽車微電子技術的發(fā)展，汽車燃油節(jié)能的要求以及全球性倡導環(huán)保，其在布置、安裝、密封性、操縱靈敏度、能量消耗、磨損與噪聲等方面的不足已越來越明顯，轉向系統向著電動助力轉向系統發(fā)展。
電動助力轉向系統是現在汽車轉向系統的發(fā)展方向，其工作原理是:EPS系統的ECU對來自轉向盤轉矩傳感器和車速傳感器的信號進行分析處理后，控制電機產生適當的助力轉矩，協助駕駛員完成轉向操作。近幾年來，隨著電子技術的發(fā)展，大幅度降低EPS的成本已成為可能，日本的大發(fā)汽車公司、三菱汽車公司、 本田汽車公司、美國的Delphi汽車系統公司、TRW公司及德國的ZF公司都相繼研制出EPS。Mercedes2Benz 和Siemens Automotive 兩大公司共同投資6500萬英鎊用于開發(fā)EPS ，目標是到2002年裝車，年產300萬套，成為全球EPS制造商。到目前為止，EPS系統在輕微型轎車、廂式車上得到廣泛的應用，并且每年以300萬臺的速度發(fā)展。
轉向是一個專業(yè)術語，適用于采集部件，聯系等，其中允許一艘(艦船)或汽車(轎車)按照預期的方向行駛。一個例外的情況是鐵路運輸由路軌組合在一起鐵路 道岔提供轉向功能。
許多現代轎車使用齒輪齒條式轉向器，在方向盤末端有轉動齒輪；該齒輪帶動齒條移動，它是一種線性的齒輪緊密配合，從一邊到一邊。這種運動把轉矩通過轉向橫拉桿和一種叫做轉向節(jié)臂的短形臂傳遞給轉向輪的主銷。
以前的設計往往采用循環(huán)球式轉向器，而這種轉向器仍然應用在卡車和多用途車輛。這是一種老式的螺母和齒扇設計，該轉向管柱轉動大螺絲("蝸輪")，它與一個齒扇齒輪嚙合，當蝸輪轉動時，齒扇也隨之轉動，一個安裝在齒扇軸上且與轉向聯動有關的搖臂帶動轉向節(jié)臂，從而使車輪轉動循環(huán)球式轉向器通過安裝滾珠減少螺母和螺桿之間的摩擦；兩根導管和螺母內的螺旋管狀通道組合成兩條各自獨立的封閉的鋼球“流到”。
齒輪齒條式轉向器設計具有很大程度的反饋和直接轉向"路感"；它也通常不會有任何反彈，或呆滯。缺點是，它是不可調的，因此當它磨損唯一的解決辦法更換。
循環(huán)球式轉向器的優(yōu)點是機械優(yōu)勢，因此，它被使用在較大較重的車輛，而齒輪齒條式原本僅限于較小和較輕；由于幾乎普遍采用動力轉向系統，不過，這已不再是一個重要的優(yōu)勢，導致越來越多地在新型汽車應用齒輪齒條式轉向器。循環(huán)球式轉向器設計在中心也有明顯的沖擊，或"死點"。凡一分鐘交替方向盤出不來并不移動轉向機構；這是很容易可調螺桿的端部來減少磨損，但它并不能完全消除或機制開始磨損很快。這項設計目前仍在使用中，在卡車和其他大型車輛，也應用于迅速轉向，路感與穩(wěn)健性，可維護性，和機械的優(yōu)勢相比不太重要的場合。較小程度的反饋，這樣的設計也有時是一種優(yōu)點；當前輪碰撞時，使用齒輪齒條轉向的司機只有自己的大拇指受傷，造成方向盤揭開一邊突然(因為駕駛教練告訴學生把自己的大拇指在前面的方向盤，而非放在左右的內邊緣)。這種效果在像卡車一樣的重型汽車更為明顯；循環(huán)球式轉向防止這種程度的反饋，只是因為它可以在正常情況下防止可取反饋。
轉向連鎖連接轉向器和車輪通常符合一個阿克曼轉向幾何的變化，它交代了一個事實:當轉向時，內輪轉過的半徑比外輪小得多，因此適合駕駛的直路，是不適合曲折。
由于車輛已成為較重而改用前輪驅動，為了扭轉方向盤，通常的，主要的是體 力。為了解決這一問題，汽車業(yè)發(fā)展的動力轉向系統。有兩種類型的助力轉向系 統-液壓和電氣/電子。還有一種液壓-電動混合系統。
液壓助力轉向系統(HPS)利用油壓供應的一個發(fā)動機驅動泵，以協助將方向盤轉轉動。電動助力轉向系統(EPS)方式，是較有效率的液壓助力轉向系統，由于電 動助力轉向汽車只需要提供協助時，方向盤被轉動，而液壓泵必須不斷運行。 在 EPS 的幫助下是很容易調節(jié)車型，最高車速，甚至駕駛的喜好。 另外一個好處是， 通過泄漏和處置動力轉向液消除對環(huán)境構成危險。
動力轉向的分支是速度可調轉向而轉向是大量輔助以低速行駛，稍微協助高 速。 汽車制造商認為，當要停車時駕駛人可能需要做出大量轉向投入，但當時高 速行駛時則不然。第一輛有這特點的汽車，是雪鐵龍與其diravi，雖然改變了現代汽車轉向系統資金的投入，但它改變了定心凸輪的壓力，使得方向盤盡力去回到原來的位置。現代速度可調式動力轉向系統，當速度增長時減少了活塞的壓力,給予更直接的感受.這一特點在所有新車正逐漸成為司空見慣。
四輪轉向(或全輪轉向)是一種系統，當高速行駛時能增加車輛穩(wěn)定型，而在低 速行駛時可以減小轉彎半徑。
大多數的四輪轉向系統，后輪轉向通過單片機和驅動器實現。 后輪一般不能 反過來，有幾個系統，包括Delphi的quadrasteer，該系統在本田的生產前線，當前輪低速時，允許后輪在相反方向轉向。這使得車輛轉彎半徑較小，有時應用于大 型卡車車輛及掛車。
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