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哈爾濱工業(yè)大學華德應用技術學院畢業(yè)設計說明書（論文） 附錄Ⅰ 現(xiàn)代轎車已經(jīng)不是一個單純的運載工具，它已經(jīng)是“人、汽車與環(huán)境”的組合體。座椅作為汽車使用者的直接支承裝置，在車廂部件中具有非同小可的重要性。汽車座椅的主要功能是為駕駛者提供便于操縱、舒適、安全和不易疲勞的駕駛座位。座椅設計時應同時滿足以下五點基本要求： 一、座椅的合理布置； 二、座椅外形要符合人體生理功能； 三、座椅應具有調節(jié)機構； 四、座椅有良好的振動特性； 五、座椅必須十分安全可靠； 座椅安裝位置的尺寸是很重要的，它直接影響到使用者的便利性和舒適性。座椅布置要體現(xiàn)出人體工程學的要求。駕駛座椅是最關鍵的座椅。它的基本要求是布置合理，操縱方便，即乘坐時駕駛者對方向盤、操縱桿和踏板的良好可及性。由于歐美和亞洲人身材的差異，一些國家汽車的座位十分寬闊，一些國家汽車的座位相對狹小。由于同一地區(qū)的人群，也有男性和女性的差異，高大和矮小的差異，駕駛座椅必須要有調節(jié)機構，以適應大部分人的身材。“大部分人”這個概念，轎車設計師采用一種二維的人體樣板，它根據(jù)高度將總人群劃分為不同的群組： 5%(所有駕駛者中的5%身材較矮小或等于這尺寸，其余95%身材較高大）； 95%(所有駕駛者中的95%身材較矮小或等于這尺寸，其余5%身材較高大）。 汽車工業(yè)中所應用的總范圍在5%和95%之間，也就是包括了90%人群。例如設計可調節(jié)座椅與踏板之間的距離，適應盡可能多的駕駛者身材，在這里一般取5%的女性及95%男性人體樣板。 駕駛座椅對方向盤、操縱桿和踏板的可及性決定了人體乘坐的姿勢，姿勢是由座椅的安排位置和形狀設計所決定的。駕駛者乘坐姿勢不理想就容易疲勞甚至引起勞損。因此，日本及歐美各大車廠設計駕駛座椅位置都有基本姿勢、頭部、肩部、手臂、腹部、腿部等活動空間的參考數(shù)據(jù)，不能隨心所欲。 轎車座椅由座墊、靠背、側背支撐、頭枕等組成，它們具有一定的表面形狀，座面和靠背的外形曲線應與人體放松狀態(tài)下的背部曲線相吻合，乘員入座后座椅的表面形狀與體壓分布能使乘員的肌肉處于最放松的狀態(tài)，能支撐到腰椎部位，不會因血液循環(huán)不良而引起肢體麻木，長時間乘坐不易感到疲勞。通過對座椅的前后上下、靠背的傾斜角度、頭枕前后上下等位置的有限調節(jié)，可以使大部分人處于舒適狀態(tài)。 座椅的彈簧性能是構成座椅振動特性的關鍵。試驗證明，車輛行駛時盡管地板振動大，但由于座椅彈簧的作用，仍有可能在座椅上獲得良好的舒適性，如果彈簧性能不好，則汽車的舒適感會比較差。目前多數(shù)座墊采用整體泡沫尿烷緩沖墊，它用螺旋彈簧或者S形彈簧埋于泡沫尿烷之中而成，具有結構簡單，成本低、無噪聲的優(yōu)點。 對于轎車低靠背座椅而言，頭枕是座椅上一個附件。隨著車速的增加，它對人身安全日益重要。汽車一旦發(fā)生追尾碰撞，汽車受后面沖擊力作用瞬間急速向前，由于慣性作用乘員的頭部卻會突然向后仰，頸椎承受到很大的加速度力而容易傷害。有了頭枕承托，減少頭部自由移動的空間就可以降低對頸椎的沖擊力。1998年 Volvo（富豪）轎車裝配的WHIPS(頭頸部保護系統(tǒng))當追尾發(fā)生時可令靠背頭枕與駕乘者同時后移，有效避免頸椎傷害。 目前轎車座椅已與安全帶、安全氣囊一起構成對乘員的安全防護。轎車座椅本身的堅固程度、對車身連接的可靠性、靠背的強度都有行業(yè)規(guī)定和試驗標準，不是隨便做一個安裝上去就行的。 隨著現(xiàn)代技術發(fā)展，轎車的座椅有裝配氣動裝置的，氣壓由發(fā)動機艙的氣泵提供，座椅靠背內分別有4個氣壓腔，實現(xiàn)對腰椎部的保護。有靠背分成上下兩部分，角度可以分別調整以使腰部和肩部同時緊貼靠背，起到安全保護作用。有在靠背內裝一個由電腦控制的電子振蕩器，還有按摩保健作用。 附錄Ⅱ Modern cars is not a simple means of delivery, it is already "people, cars and the environment," the combination. As a car seat directly support the user's device, the car has no small importance of the components. The main function of car seats for the driver to provide ease of manipulation, comfortable, safe and easy fatigue of the driver seat. Seat design should also meet the following five basic requirements: the seat of the rational arrangement; Second, the seat shape to meet the body's physiological function; Third, the seat should have the regulatory agencies; Fourth, the vibration characteristics of a good seat; Five seats to be very safe and reliable; eat size of the installation location is important, it directly affects the user's convenience and comfort. Seating layout should reflect the requirements of ergonomics. Driver's seat is the most crucial seats. Its basic requirement is a reasonable layout and simple operation, that is, when the drivers take on the steering wheel, joystick and pedals for good accessibility. Because differences in European, American and Asian body in some countries is very wide car seat, car seat in some countries is relatively small. As the crowd the same area, there are differences between men and women, the tall and the small differences in driver's seat must have regulatory agencies to meet most people's body. "Most people" concept, the car body design used a two-dimensional model, which according to the height of its total population is divided into different groups: Seat size of the installation location is important, it directly affects the user's convenience and comfort. Seating layout should reflect the requirements of ergonomics. Driver's seat is the most crucial seats. Its basic requirement is a reasonable layout and simple operation, that is, when the drivers take on the steering wheel, joystick and pedals for good accessibility. Because differences in European, American and Asian body in some countries is very wide car seat, car seat in some countries is relatively small. As the crowd the same area, there are differences between men and women, the tall and the small differences in driver's seat must have regulatory agencies to meet most people's body. "Most people" concept, the car body design used a two-dimensional model, which according to the height of its total population is divided into different groups: 5% (all 5% of drivers in the short stature than or equal to this size, the remaining 95% taller large); 95% (all 95% of drivers in the short stature than or equal to the size of the remaining 5% taller large). Applied in the automotive industry in the total range of between 5% and 95%, that is, including the 90% crowd. For example, adjustable seats and pedals designed distance between the drivers as much as possible to adapt body, where women generally take 5% and 95% of male body model. Driver's seat on the steering wheel, joystick and pedals to take the body and determines the position, posture, seating arrangement by the position and shape of the design of the decision. Drivers to take the posture is not ideal or even lead to fatigue and strain. Therefore, Japan and major European and American design of the depot location has the basic drivers seat position, head, shoulders, arms, abdomen, legs and other reference data space, can not be arbitrary Car seats from the seat, back, dorsal support, headrests and other components, they have a surface shape, seat surface and backrest should be with the body shape curve of the back curve of a relaxed state match, after the seat occupant seated surface shape and the body pressure distribution in the muscles of the crew to make the most relaxed state, to support the lumbar spine, not because of poor circulation caused numbness, fatigue easily take a long time. Through the front seat up and down, backrest angle, head up and down positions, such as the limited front and rear adjustment, can make most people are comfortable. The spring seat seat vibration performance constitute the key. Tests show that vehicle is in motion even though the floor vibration, but the action of the spring seat, the seat is still possible to get good comfort, good performance if the spring, the comfort of the car will be relatively poor. At present, most holistic seat cushion foam urethane, which uses S-shaped coil spring or springs from being buried in urethane foam, has a simple structure, low cost, noise-free advantages. Low-back seats for the car, the head is an attachment on the seat. As the speed increases, its growing importance of personal safety. Car in the event of rear-end collision, the impact of cars by the force behind the rapid moment forward, the inertia occupant's head is suddenly thrown back, cervical spine to withstand the acceleration forces to the large and easily hurt. With the head supporting and reduce the space of free movement of the head can reduce the impact of the cervical spine. 1998 Volvo (Volvo) car assembly WHIPS (Whiplash Protection System) rear-end collision occurs when the headrest and backrest can be made after the occupants moved at the same time effectively prevent cervical spine injury. The current car seat has seat belts, airbags together constitute the security of the crew. The strength of their own car seat, the reliability of the connection on the body, back strength and testing requirements are the industry standard, not just to do an installation up to the line. With modern technology, car seats are equipped pneumatic devices, air pump from the engine compartment is provided inside the seat back pressure chamber 4, respectively, to achieve the protection of the Ministry of the lumbar spine. Are divided into two parts back, the angle can be adjusted to make the waist and shoulder the same time close to the back, play a security role. Have built in the back of a computer-controlled electronic oscillator, and massage health effects.