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重 慶 理 工 大 學 文 獻 翻 譯 二級學院 重慶理工大學機械工程學院 班 級 109040205 學生姓名 林洋 學 號 10904020511 譯 文 要 求 1 譯文內(nèi)容必須與課題 或專業(yè) 內(nèi)容相關 并需注明詳細出處 2 外文翻譯譯文不少于 2000 字 外文參考資料閱讀量至少 3 篇 相當于 10 萬外文字符以上 3 譯文原文 或復印件 應附在譯文后備查 譯 文 評 閱 導師評語 應根據(jù)學校 譯文要求 對學生外文翻譯的準確性 翻譯數(shù)量以及譯文的文字表述情況等作具體的評價 指導教師 年 月 日 1 機械設計是一門通過設計新產(chǎn)品或者改進老產(chǎn)品來滿足人類需求的應用 技術科學 它涉及工程技術的各個領域 主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸 形狀和詳細結 構的基本構思 還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造 銷售和使用等方面的問題 進行各種機械設計工作的人員通常被稱為設計人員或者機械設計工程師 機械設計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作 設計工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性 還必須 在機械制圖 運動學 工程材料 材料力學和機械制造工藝學等方面具有深厚 的基礎知識 如前所訴 機械設計的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品 發(fā)明 發(fā) 現(xiàn)和科技知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處 只有當它們被應用在產(chǎn)品上才 能產(chǎn)生效益 因而 應該認識到在一個特定的產(chǎn)品進行設計之前 必須先確定 人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品 應當把機械設計看成是機械設計人員運用創(chuàng)造性的才能進行產(chǎn)品設計 系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學的一個良機 掌握工程基礎知識要比熟記一 些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要 僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個好的設計中做出 所需的全部決定的 另一方面 應該認真精確的進行所有運算 例如 即使將 一個小數(shù)點的位置放錯 也會使正確的設計變成錯誤的 一個好的設計人員應該勇于提出新的想法 而且愿意承擔一定的風險 當新的方法不適用時 就使用原來的方法 因此 設計人員必須要有耐心 因 為 所花費的時間和努力并不能保證帶來成功 一個全新的設計 要求屏棄許多 陳舊的 為人們所熟知的方法 由于許多人墨守成規(guī) 這樣做并不是一件容易 的事 一位機械設計師應該不斷地探索改進現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法 在此過程中應 該認真選擇原有的 經(jīng)過驗證的設計原理 將其與未經(jīng)過驗證的新觀念結合起 來 2 Goldschmidt 的工作是建立在建筑的方面 包含了深刻的見解 她指出設 計師總是使用通過畫草圖使意象生成的新形式的組合 同時 她補充說 至關 重要的是設計師們也必須在相反的過程 即在他們的腦海里用他們素描生成圖 像的形式 她斷言 通過互動意象素描是一種合理的推理模式 通過系統(tǒng)概念和 音形參數(shù)之間的交流 很明顯 從藝術領域到工程領域 幾乎所有的設計師都需要可視化的設 計方式 然而 區(qū)分視覺設計的表述方法很重要 哪些是以交流為目的的通信 與客戶 同事或利害關系人 哪些是用于評價設計的質(zhì)量 以上兩者都不是由 視覺設計的意義 相對其描述 它應該是促使新思想的產(chǎn)生 推理以及便于找 出引發(fā)它們的創(chuàng)作的設計形式 草圖設計在解決創(chuàng)造性 探索性 無期限待解決問題上 通過側面的轉 換發(fā)揮了重要的作用 正如加納記錄的 通過設計和以草圖的形式構建的繪畫 的表示方法 因為其在一方面可以整理有序易于理解 而另一方面他們又對解釋 的含糊不清 關鍵是這種方法非常缺乏明確性 很明顯 有很多的研究 對現(xiàn)有 的概念草圖 目的是以電腦為依托 通過媒體實現(xiàn)目的和潛力 然而 關于直接 用于汽車概念草圖的研究很少 是否有足夠的能力支持生產(chǎn)和他們計算機的使用 在工業(yè)領域和 CAD 有關的 在一個越來越大的壓力下 減少訂貨至交貨的時間仍 然是一個待研究的領域 3 新材料如雙相鋼或鋁復雜的幾何形狀的工業(yè)零件增加獲得無缺陷部分的沖 壓的困難 一個更好的解決之道是調(diào)節(jié)壓邊壓力 我們的工作是根據(jù) H ussermann 和 Haller 原來的想法 我們的目標是控制運動下的壓邊的空白 有了可變形的柔性壓邊 有可能創(chuàng)造一些獨立的區(qū)域 在每個區(qū)域中 一個壓 邊力可以施加在片材上 因此 一個強大的力可容納空白區(qū) 和一個較小的空 白區(qū) 可以讓這個力在另一個區(qū)域中移動 關于前門板壓邊力的優(yōu)化一些方法 以及一些解決結果 通常使用數(shù)值模擬進行 ABAQUS 明確 有限的參數(shù)元模型 網(wǎng)格密度 沖擊速度 用最少的仿真時間達到良好的預測 定義目標函數(shù) 以盡量減少沖頭的工作 3 個不等式約束函數(shù)的定義是為了避免頸縮起皺 為 了避免縮頸 坯料的主要應力是有限的值 這是確定通過使用修改過的最大的 力標準 MMFC Labergere 提出 為了避免起皺 要在下壓邊 角之間的壓邊 的空白的表面和一個元件被限制在由用戶設定的值 然而 它是由 Batoz 提出 在工件的有用部分 主要的應力被限制到一個值 最佳的本地化 我們使用了 響應面法彌漫性近似計算 再加上一個適應性的策略 以更新的研究空間 4 本文從一個簡單的介紹 關于金屬板材成形數(shù)值模擬的必要性和復雜的 汽車覆蓋件成形 有限元分析 FEA 這是一個功能強大的仿真工具 用于分 析復雜的三維金屬板材成形問題 以及它們的動態(tài)顯式有限元方法的原理及特 點 本文介紹和討論了現(xiàn)有的各種商業(yè)有限元方法代碼用于金屬板材成形數(shù)值 模擬在世界 國內(nèi)和國際地位的汽車覆蓋件仿真 前門外板的一個一定的新車 被視為作為一個例子 動態(tài)顯式有限元代碼 Dynaform 軟件用于在前門的外 板形成過程的仿真 如破裂過程中的缺陷進行了預測 改進方法可以幫助解決 仿真結果 金屬板材成形模擬的前景概述 附錄 1 The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science It involves the project technology each domain mainly studies the product the size the shape and the detailed structure basic idea but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture sale and use question Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer The machine design is a creative work Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing kinematics engineering material materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge If front sues the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product The invention the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit Thus should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs On the other hand should be earnest precisely carries on all operations For example even if places wrong a decimal point position also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk when the new method is not suitable use original method Therefore designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully A brand new design the request screen abandons absolutely many knows very well the method for the people Because many person of conservativeness does this certainly is not an easy matter A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method should earnestly choose originally the process confirmation principle of design in this process with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea 2 The work of Goldschmidt in this area also based on architecture is telling and contains powerful insights She deduces that designers invariably use imagery to generate new form combinations that they represent through sketching Crucially she adds that they also work in the opposite way they sketch to generate images of forms in their minds She asserts that interactive imagery through sketching is a rational mode of reasoning characterized by systematic exchanges between conceptual and figural arguments It is clear that the need for visualization is recognized by almost all designers in diverse fields from the arts to engineering However it is important to distinguish between that visual representation which is for the purposes of communication with clients colleagues or other interested parties and that which is used for evaluation that is to assess the quality of the design Neither of these is what is meant by visual thinking Rather it is the generation of new ideas the reasoning that gives rise to them and facilitates the creation of form in designs as opposed to their presentation Sketches play an important role in the creative explorative open ended phase of problem solving facilitated by lateral transformations As Garner notes Pictorial representations constructed during designing and taking the form of sketches are important to designing because they impose both order and tangibility on the one hand while on the other hand their ambiguity stimulates re interpretation The very lack of clarity may be important It is apparent that there is a wealth of existing research concerning the concept sketch the purpose it has the media through which it is achieved and its potential for being supported by computers There is however very little research directly pertaining to the automotive concept sketch and whether it is possible to support the production and use of them using computers In an industry heavily committed to CAD and where there is an increasing pressure to reduce lead times it is an area full of research opportunity 3 New materials such as dual phase steel or aluminum and complex geometries of industrial parts increase the difficulties to obtain a defect free part by stamping One way of solution is a better regulation of the blank holder pressures Our work is based on an original idea of Siegert H ussermann and Haller 1 2 3 The goal is to control the movement of the blank under the blank holder Thanks to a deformable flexible blank holder it is possible to create some independent zones In each zone a blank holder force can be applied on the sheet so that a strong force can hold the blank in a zone and a smaller one can let it move in another zone The methodology is presented as well as some results dealing with the optimization of the blank holder force considering the drawing of a front door panel Numisheet 99 benchmark test The numerical simulations are performed using ABAQUS Explicit The parameters of the finite element model mesh density speed of punch are set to achieve a good prediction with a minimum simulation time The objective function is defined to minimize the work of the punch Three inequality constraints functions were defined to avoid necking and wrinkling To avoid necking the major stress of the blank is limited to a value which is determined by using the modified maximum force criterion MMFC 4 To avoid wrinkling under the blank holder the angle between the blank holder surface and an element of the blank is limited to a value set by the user as proposed by Gelin and Labergere 5 However in the useful part of the workpiece the major stress is limited to a value which was proposed by Brunet Batoz and Bouabdallah 6 For the localization of the optimum we use a response surface method computed with a diffuse approximation and coupled with an adaptative strategy to update the research space 4 The paper starts with a brief overview to the necessity of sheet metal forming simulation and the complexity of automobile panel forming then leads to finite element analysis FEA which is a powerful simulation tool for analyzing complex three dimensional sheet metal forming problems The theory and features of the dynamic explicit finite element methods are introduced and the available various commercial finite element method codes used for sheet metal forming simulation in the world are discussed and the civil and international status of automobile panel simulation as well The front door outer panel of one certain new automobile is regarded as one example that the dynamic explicit FEM code Dynaform is used for the simulation of the front door outer panel forming process Process defects such as ruptures are predicted The improving methods can be given according to the simulation results Foreground of sheet metal forming simulation is outlined 參考文獻 1 桂慧 機械專業(yè)英語 國防工業(yè)出版社 2009 2 M Tovey and S Porter School of Art and Design Coventry University Priory St Coventry Sketching concept development and automotive design 3 張揚 連洪 李雙義 王洪志 板料成形模擬及其在汽車覆蓋件沖壓過程中的應用 中國科學院上海 冶金研究所 材料物理與化學 專業(yè) 博士論文 2000