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電大本科民族理論與民族政策形成性考核冊作業(yè) 形成作業(yè)1：小組討論問題４：民族關系的核心問題是什么？為什么？ 民族關系的核心問題是什么？為什么？ 個人討論觀點：民族關系中核心問題是民族利益、民族權力和民族發(fā)展，這些是民族關系的、熱點和主題 小組討論提綱 討論時間：本學期第三周 討論地點：本班教室 討論方式：每班分兩組，每組確定五名中心發(fā)言人，按照討論提綱精心準備，交替發(fā)言，發(fā)言時間不得超過4分鐘。 討論題目：民族關系的核心問題是什么?為什么？ 討論要求：1、認真閱讀教材，查閱有關資料，搜集相關素材。 2、明確了解和掌握關鍵詞中的重要意義。 3、討論過程中發(fā)言人觀點明確，做到有理有據，符合邏輯，允許保留自己的觀點。 討論提綱： 一、 民族利益時民族關系的焦點 民族利益，指的是法律賦予的正當的、合法的民族應有和應得的各種利益，在一定意義上說，民族關系式民族間的一種利益關系，公平合理的劃分和享受可使民族關系和睦，利益劃分不合理或者有差別可能導致民族間的矛盾和摩擦。在民族利益問題上，我們有必要重溫列寧在1922年10月27日說過的一段話：“五年來，我們在一個舉世罕見的多民族國家里解決民族問題的經驗，是我們完全相信，在類似的情況下，對待民族利益唯一正確的態(tài)度就是予以最大限度的滿足，就是創(chuàng)造條件來安排除在這一方面引起沖突的一切根源。 二、 民族權力是民族關系的測量表 民族權力，指的是法律賦予的各民族應有的方方面面的平等利益，民主權益，民族權益也是民族關系的核心問題之一，民族平等，自由發(fā)展的民主權利和民族權力的享有和行駛的程度是民族發(fā)展關系程度的測量表。民族權力的享有和行使受到各種條件的制約，其中包括受民族關系狀況的制約，反過來民族權利享有和行使狀況又直接影響民族關系。 三、 民族發(fā)展是民族關系的主題 發(fā)展，永遠是歷史和社會的主題，發(fā)展，始終是民族和社會追求的目標。民族關系，既是各民族發(fā)展過程中的必然現象，又是各民族發(fā)展的客觀環(huán)境與條件。因為民族的發(fā)展取決于自身的生產力、分工和內部外部交往的發(fā)展程度。民族的發(fā)展是全方位的、多角度的，包括政治經濟文化教育等社會各個方面。因此，民族發(fā)展的權利和利益，是民族關系發(fā)展的核心問題。 總之，在我國民族關系中，我們一定要注意以上三個方面，盡可能采取特殊、靈活和優(yōu)惠的政策，創(chuàng)造有利于民族發(fā)展和有利于協(xié)調民族關系的環(huán)境和條件，盡可能滿足或照顧不同時期不同民族發(fā)展利益。 形成作業(yè)2：論民族區(qū)域自治的重要意義（請各位同學對此論文自行刪減） 民族區(qū)域自治，是指在國家統(tǒng)一領導下，按照民族平等、團結、各民族共同繁榮、維護國家統(tǒng)一和尊重民族自治權的原則，各少數民族聚居的地方實行區(qū)域自治，設立自治機關，行使自治權。 　　民族區(qū)域自治是中國共產黨把馬列主義民族理論與中國民族和民族問題的實際相結合解決中國國內民族問題的基本政策，是我國的一項重要政治制度，也是具有中國特色的解決中國民族問題的基本形式，它的制定與實施具有重大的意義。 　　一、實行民族區(qū)域自治符合我國的歷史條件和現實情況 　　我們黨和國家把民族區(qū)域自治作為解決我國民族問題的基本政策，是有其必然性的，是根據馬列主義關于民族問題的理論原則，結合我國的歷史條件和現實情況（民族情況）決定的。 　?。ㄒ唬臍v史情況來說，我國在政治制度方面長期存在兩大主要特點：一是它的統(tǒng)一性，二是中央集權。2000多年的歷史進程中，國家統(tǒng)一則國力強盛、民族團結、人民生活安定；國家分裂則國家衰敗、民族分爭、人民困苦。我國在解放后建立民族區(qū)域自治，保持了國家的統(tǒng)一，符合我國的歷史傳統(tǒng)，符合我國各民族人民的根本利益。 　?。ǘ默F實情況來說，首先，我國有56個民族，漢族人口多，少數民族人口少，地大物博，經濟文化比較落后。這種情況決定了漢族和少數民族只有在統(tǒng)一國家內團結互助，通力合作，才能得到共同的發(fā)展。第二，我國民族分布情況復雜，各民族大雜居，小聚居特點顯著，只有具有很大靈活性的民族區(qū)域自治才能適應。在各少數民族聚居區(qū)建立與其經濟、政治條件相稱的不同規(guī)模的自治地方，才能適應我國民族分布的特點和最大限度的滿足少數民族人民的自治要求。第三，在長期的歷史發(fā)展中，我國各民族之間形成了經濟、文化、政治上的密切聯系。我國民族關系的這一特點，決定了各民族和則兩利，分則兩害。只有在統(tǒng)一國家中采用民族區(qū)域自治這種形式，才能適應并促進民族關系的發(fā)展。第四，各民在長期的反帝反封建斗爭中，特別是在中國共產黨領導的人民革命中，不但建立了工人階級同農民以及小資產階級的革命聯盟，也使我國各民族人民進一步團結起來，結成了血肉不可分離的聯系。這是我國實行民族區(qū)域自治的政治基礎。 　　二、實行民族區(qū)域自治制度是對馬列主義關于民族區(qū)域自治理論的實踐和發(fā)展 　　（一）對馬列主義關于民族區(qū)域自治理論的實踐 　　民族區(qū)域自治是馬列主義解決民族問題的一個重要原則，是多民族民主國家的一般普遍原則。馬列主義從社會發(fā)展和無產階級革命的利益出發(fā)，堅持建立集中統(tǒng)一的大規(guī)模的國家的原則。同時認為，民族區(qū)域自治是建立現代真正民主國家的條件，是解決民族問題的正確途徑。在統(tǒng)一的多民族國家中讓各民族實施地方自治或區(qū)域自治，是馬克思列寧主義的一個綱領性原則。 我國是一個半封建半殖民地國家，各民族包括漢族在內，都受帝國主義的侵略和壓迫，都是被壓迫民族。特別是如前所述，我國從來就是一個統(tǒng)一的多民族國家，在革命的整個過程中，國內各民族不僅沒有出現過分裂，相反的團結得越來越緊密。截至 2003 年底，我國共建立了 155 個民族自治地方，其中包括 5 個自治區(qū)、 30 個自治州、 120 自治縣（旗）。根據 2000 年第五次全國人口普查，在 55 個少數民族中，有 44 個建立了自治地方，實行區(qū)域自治的少數民族人口占少數民族總人口的 71 ％，民族自治地方的面積占全國國土總面積的 64% 左右。 　?。ǘ︸R列主義關于民族區(qū)域自治理論的發(fā)展 　　我國不僅將馬列主義關于民族區(qū)自治的論斷由理論變成了現實，而且在繼承的基礎上對其進行了中國化的改造。在國家統(tǒng)一領導下實行民族區(qū)域自治，體現了民族平等、民族團結、各民族共同繁榮發(fā)展的原則，體現了民族因素與區(qū)域因素、政治因素與經濟因素、歷史因素與現實因素的統(tǒng)一。實踐證明，這一制度符合我國國情和各民族人民的根本利益，具有強大生命力。 　　三、實行民族區(qū)域自治制度具有重要作用 　　雖然和平與發(fā)展已經成為時代的主題，但世界并不太平。一些國家和地區(qū)由于民族問題引發(fā)的沖突還時有發(fā)生，有的釀成局部戰(zhàn)爭，嚴重影響地區(qū)及世界的和平與穩(wěn)定。在這方面，中國沒有出現大的問題，原因有很多，其中很重要的一條就是在于我國實施的民族區(qū)域自治制度發(fā)揮了重要作用。 　　（一）民族區(qū)域自治制度保障了少數民族在政治上的平等地位和權利，使民主政治在更大范圍內得以實現，推進我國的政治文明建設 　　政治平等是解決民族問題的基礎，由于民族區(qū)域自治固有的靈活性，它能最大限度地滿足少數民族積極參加國家政治生活的要求，能保障少數民族行使當家作主、參與國家和本地區(qū)內部事務管理的民主平等和平等自治權利。這主要體現在民族自治地方的自治機關享有廣泛的自治權利。在我國，無論在司法、行政、教育等領域還是在國家政治和社會生活中，少數民族語言文字都得到廣泛使用。此外，還擁有自主安排、管理、發(fā)展經濟建設事業(yè)，自主發(fā)展教育、科技、文化等其他各項事業(yè)的權利。 　　民族區(qū)域自治是我國的人民民主專政制度在少數民族地區(qū)的具體表現形式，中國共產黨第十五次代表大會把民族區(qū)域自治制度和人民代表大會制度、中國共產黨領導下的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度一同表述為我國社會主義制度的三大形式。這使我國的民主政治在更大范圍內得到了實現。 　　（二）民族區(qū)域自治制度調動了各民族的積極性，有利于各民族自身及其經濟文化等各項事業(yè)的發(fā)展 　　民族區(qū)域自治的實現，開創(chuàng)了少數民族當家作主，管理本民族、本地區(qū)內部事務的新階段。少數民族可以根據本民族、本地區(qū)的政治、經濟、文化的特點，因地制宜的發(fā)展各項事業(yè)。這就能夠最廣泛的調動少數民族群眾的積極性，使少數民族人民都以主人翁姿態(tài)投入到國家和地方的建設中。 　　民族自身的發(fā)展進步，主要表現在兩個方面：一是促進人的發(fā)展，是通過發(fā)展科技、教育、體育、衛(wèi)生等各項事業(yè)來實現的。二是對各民族風俗習慣的尊重。法律規(guī)定，民族自治地方的自治機關保障各民族都有保持或改革自己民族風俗習慣的權利，保障各民族公民的宗教信仰自由等等。 　　民族區(qū)域自治制度的經濟功能首先表現為自治機關把管理經濟、發(fā)展生產、改善人民生活作為自己的重要職責。民族自治地方的自治機關依法管理本地方的自然資源，并可以根據法律的規(guī)定和國家的規(guī)劃，優(yōu)先合理的開發(fā)利用。國家在民族自治地方進行資源開發(fā)是，要對該自治地方進行適當的經濟補償。經過50多年特別是改革開放20多年的努力，民族自治地方的經濟得到了飛速發(fā)展，人民生活水平顯著提高。 　?。ㄈ┟褡鍏^(qū)域自治有力于協(xié)調各民族間關系，達到維護民族團結、國家統(tǒng)一、社會安定的目的 　　實行民族區(qū)域自治，有利于疏通改善民族關系，消除歷史上遺留下來的民族隔閡，加強民族之間的團結友愛、互助合作。民族區(qū)域自治制度保障了少數民族的平等權利，同時促進了經濟的發(fā)展和人民生活的改善。 我國自古以來就是一個統(tǒng)一的多民族國家，少數民族大部分居住在邊疆。邊疆的穩(wěn)定對國家的安定和統(tǒng)一至關重要。作為我國人民民主專政在少數民族地區(qū)的具體形式的民族區(qū)域自治的實施，有利于加強人民民主專政，有利于抵御外來的侵略和顛覆，有利于打擊國內民族分裂主義分子的活動，從而鞏固國家的統(tǒng)一和社會的安定。 形成作業(yè)三： 一、 填充題 1、 民族發(fā)展規(guī)律 2、 民族屬性、民族特征 3、 血緣 4、 社會、歷史 5、 權利和利益 6、 階級斗爭 7、 大分散、小聚居 8、 1.9萬 9、 提高民族素質、民主的組織形式 10、 設立和建設，自治權的行使問題 11、 發(fā)展與進步 二、 單選題 1.B 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.D 三、多選題 1.ABDE .ABE 3.ABD 4.ABCDE 5.ABCD 6.ABCE 7.ABCDE 8.ABCE 9.ACD 10.ABDE 四、辨析題 1.錯：民族理論研究的主要任務是研究如何正確地解決或處理民族發(fā)展及民族之間矛盾的問題。 2.錯：民族作為一種社會人們共同體，具有自然屬性、社會屬性、生物屬性等多維屬性。 3.錯：少數民族干部的培養(yǎng)任用是體現民族平等的主要表現形式，也是民族平等的主要標志。 4.錯：民族語言文字是人類社會的產物，最終結果是語言的整合和文字的統(tǒng)一。 5.對 6.錯:宗教信仰不屬于政治問題。 五、論述題 答案：P98——P100 請您務必刪除一下內容，O(∩_∩)O萬分謝謝?。。?015年中央電大期末復習考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the "free-visa" scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: "Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced." During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. "The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China," says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. "Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities," says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the "Paris of Java", is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrips website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldnt miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, "dirty duck" and roast suckling pig are recommended. Childrens illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. In China, childrens illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustrationarts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditionalpaintings and the westernstyle, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the "cultural revolution" (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of childrens illustration books. The reform and opening-up brought in new concepts and ideas from the West to China, a country that had been closed to the West for nearly three decades. Fast development of economy, society and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. China also imported large amounts of childrens illustration books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about childrens illustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. This is also the last era in Chinas artistic innovation before the advent of the Internet period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of the Internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. The hand-drawn childrens illustration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead of books. Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden is natures haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of Haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. The "Safari on Foot" area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As ateaching center of the National Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the countrys crisis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock markets on Monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertainties surrounding the events in Greece and the effect a default would have on Europe, relations between China and the EU, global financial stability and the nascent global economic recovery. Greece has announced that it will hold a referendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the countrys creditors. In response, Greeces eurozone partners have refused to extend the countrys bailout program and the European Central Bank capped its emergency support for the countrys banks. A real danger now looms of Greece exiting the euro, which might derail the global economic recovery and damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. However, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. The EU should shoulder its responsibility to prevent the Greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. As a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation EU, and a responsible long-term holder of Eurobonds, Chinas confidence in and commitment to a strong eurozone offers EU leaders the necessary support to look at the Greek crisis from a broader and longer perspective. When Li said that China will not only consider a China-EU investment platform to back European Commission President Jean-Claude Junckers plan to revive the European economy, but also buy more bonds issued by the European Investment Bank, EU leaders should be clear that China wants to see the EU maintain its integrity and a forward trajectory. Such a confidence-building effort is particularly valuable, especially from such a large country as China which already has a huge stake and seeks to further expand it in a strong eurozone. It will be a tragedy to allow inaction over the Greek crisis to stand in the way of growth-boosting Sino-EU cooperation. 請您務必刪除一下內容，O(∩_∩)O萬分謝謝?。?！2015年中央電大期末復習考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the "free-visa" scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: "Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced." During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. "The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China," says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. "Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities," says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the "Paris of Java", is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrips website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldnt miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, "dirty duck" and roast suckling pig are recommended. Childrens illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. In China, childrens illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustrationarts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditionalpaintings and the westernstyle, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the "cultural revolution" (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is fro