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Mold design and manufacture The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation in our country the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold but long term has not formed the industry Straight stabs 0 centuries 80 s later periods the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway Recent years not only the state owned mold enterprise had the very big development the three investments enterprise the villages and towns individual the mold enterprise s development also quite rapid Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid but compares with the demand obviously falls short of demand its main gap concentrates precisely to large scale is complex the long life mold domain As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision life manufacture cycle and productivity China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity therefore needed massively to import the mold every year The Chinese mold industry except must continue to sharpen the productivity from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state of art enhancement The structure adjustment aspect mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment the product structure to center the upscale mold development to the import and export structure improvement center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement the multi purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application the high speed cutting the superfinishing and polished the technology the information direction develops The recent years the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges mainly displayed in large scale precise was complex the long life center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase The three investments and the private enterprise develops rapidly The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on Distributes from the area looked take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid west area south development quickly to north At present develops quickest the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang places such as Jiangsu Shanghai Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale the mold level also has the very big enhancement after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De America date France Italy many The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects 1 the total quantity falls short of demand domestic mold assembling oneself rate only about 70 Low grade mold center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50 about 2 the enterprise organizational structure the product structure the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gather in our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself branch factory from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60 but the overseas mold ultra 70 is the commodity mold The specialized mold factory mostly is large and complete small and entire organization form but overseas mostly is small but is specially small and fine Domestic large scale precise complex the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30 but overseas in 50 above 2004 years ratio of the mold import and export is 3 7 1 the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1 32 billion US dollars is world mold net import quantity biggest country 3 the mold product level greatly is lower than the international standard the production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision cavity aspect and so on surface roughness life and structure 4 develops the ability badly economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion low the level is lower also does not take the product development frequently is in the passive position in the market Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately ten thousand US dollars overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10 000 US dollars some reach as high as 25 to10 000 US dollars relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages few To create the above disparity the reason to be very many the mold long term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have as well as the most state owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy but also has the following several reasons 1 country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficiently although the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy but necessary policy few carried out dynamics to be weak At present enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185 the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money affects the technology advancement moreover privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult 2 talented person serious insufficient the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urine mold profession is the technology the fund the work crowded industry along with the time progress and the technical development grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short the high quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack the scientific research unit and the universities colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating income causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific research development and the technical attack aspect causes the mold technological development step not to be big progresses not quick 3 the craft equipment level to be low also necessary is not good the use factor low recent years our country engine bed profession progressed quickly has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment but compared with the overseas equipment still had a bigger disparity Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason introduces the equipment not not necessary the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremely common the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obtain the comparatively properly solution for a long time 4 specialization standardization commercialized degree low the cooperation ability because receives large and complete small and entire the influence since long ago mold specialization level low the specialized labor division is not careful the commercialized degree is low At present domestic every year produces mold commodity mold minister 40 About other for from produce uses for oneself Between the mold enterprise cooperates impeded completes the comparatively large scale mold complete task with difficulty Mold standardization level low mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quality the cost has a more tremendous influence specially has very tremendous influence 5 to the mold manufacture cycle the mold material and the mold correlation technology falls the mold material performance the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality the life and the cost the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity Plastic plate equipment energy balance also direct influence mold level enhancement At present our country economy still was at the high speed development phase on the international economical globalization development tendency is day by day obvious this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our country mold industry high speed development On the one hand the domestic mold market will continue high speed to develop on the other hand the mold manufacture also gradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious Therefore will take a broad view the future international the domestic mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor estimated the Chinese mold will obtain the high speed development under the good market environment our country not only can become the mold great nation moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nation to the mold the ranks to make great strides forward 15 period the Chinese mold industry level not only has the very big enhancement in the quantity and the archery target aspect moreover the profession structure the product level the development innovation ability enterprise s system and the mechanism as well as the technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development The mold technology has gathered the machinery the electron chemistry optics the material the computer the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines is a comprehensive nature multi disciplinary systems engineering The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product to larger scale preciser more complex and a more economical direction develops the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly reduces the mold production faces the information is not having the chart is fine the automated direction develops the mold enterprise to the technical integration the equipment excellent is producing approves the brand the management information the management internationalization direction develops Our country mold profession still will have to enhance from now on the general character technology had 1 to establish in the CAD CAE platform the advanced mold design technology enhances modernization which the mold designed information intellectualization standardized level 2 establishes in the CAM CAPP foundation the advanced mold processing technology and the advanced manufacture technology unifies raises the automated level and the production efficiency which the mold processes 3 the mold production enterprise s information management technology For example PDM product data management ERP enterprise resource management MIS mold manufacture management information system and information network technology the and so on INTERMET platform application the promotion and the development 4 are high speed Gao Jing the compound mold processing technology research and the application For example the ultra fine ramming mold manufacture technology the precise plastic and the compression casting mold manufacture technology and so on 5 enhances the mold production efficiency reduces the cost and reduces the mold production cycle each kind of fast economical mold manufacture technology 6 the advanced manufacture technology application For example hot technology and so on flow channel technology gas auxiliary technology hypothesized technology nanotechnology rapid scanning technology reversion project parallel project in the mold research the development the processing process application 7 the raw material the simulation technology which forms in the mold 8 the advanced mold processing and the appropriation equipment research and the development 9 the mold and the mold standard letter the important auxiliary standardized technology 10 the mold and its the product examination technology 11 high quality the new mold material research and the development and its the correct application 12 the mold production enterprise s modern management technology Mold profession in 十 15 period needs to solve the key essential technology should be the mold information the digitized technology and precise ultra fine high speed the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthrough Along with the national economy total quantity and the industry product technology unceasing development all the various trades and occupations to the mold demand quantity more and more big the specification more and more is also high Although mold type many but its development should be with emphasis both can meet the massive needs and has the comparatively high tech content specially at present domestic still could not be self sufficient needs the massive imports the mold and can represent the development direction large scale precise is complex the long life mold The mold standard letter type the quantity the level the production a and so on have the significant influence to the entire mold profession development Therefore some important mold standard letters also must the prioritize moreover its development speed should quickly to the mold development speed like this be able unceasingly to raise our country mold standardization level thus improves the mold quality reduces the mold production cycle reduces the cost Because our country mold product holds the bigger price superiority in the international market therefore regarding the exportation prospect good mold product also should take key develops According to the above required quantity big the technical content is high represents the development direction the export prospect good principle choice prioritize product moreover chooses the product to have at present to have the certain technology base belongs has the condition has the product which the possibility develops According to 十 15 the mold profession development plan 十 15 the period mold product development mainly has following several kind of the automobile cover mold 1 ramming mold to occupy the mold total quantity dish with emphasis above 40 Automobile cover mold mainly for automobile necessary also includes for the agriculture with the vehicle the project machinery and the farm machinery necessary cover mold it has the very big representation in the ramming mold the mold mostly is large and middle scale structure complex the specification is high For the passenger vehicle necessary cover mold the request is in particular higher may represent the ramming mold the level This kind of mold our country had the certain technology base already for middle grade passenger vehicle necessary but the level is not high the ability is insufficient at present satisfying rate only has one about the half Center the upscale passenger vehicle cover mold main dependence import has become the bottleneck which the automobile develops enormous influence vehicle type development 2 the precise ramming mold multi locations level was entering the mold and fine represents the ramming mold development direction the precision request life request has been extremely high mainly for the electronics industry the automobile the instrument measuring appliance the electrical machinery electric appliance and so on formed a complete set These two kind of molds domestic had the suitable foundation and has introduced the overseas technology and the equipment the individual enterprise produces the product has achieved the world level but the majority of enterprises still had a bigger disparity the supply total quantity insufficient the import were very many 3 the large scale precise plastic mold plastic mold accounts for the mold total quantity 10 moreover this proportion also is rising In the plastic mold necessary large scale casts the mold for the automobile and the electrical appliances necessary models for the integrated circuit seals the mold for the electronic information industry and the machinery and the packing necessary multilayer the multi cavities the multi material qualities the multicolor precise note and saves water the agricultural necessary plastic different molding for the new building materials to squeeze out the mold and the pipeline and the nozzle mold and so on at present although had the suitable technology base and fast is developing but the technical level and overseas still had a bigger disparity the total quantity falls short of demand Every year import amount reaches several hundred million US dollar 4 the main mold standard to imitatee at present domestically to have an greater output the mold standard letter mainly is the mold frame the guidance the throwout lever pushes the tube the elastic part and so on These products not only the domestic necessary massive need the exportation prospect very is also good should continue vigorously to develop The nitrogen cylinder and the hot flow channel part main dependence import should raise the level in the existing foundation forms the standard and organization scale production 5 the other high tech content molds occupiesin the mold total quantity green 8 compression casting mold large scale thin wall precise compression casting technology content high the difficulty is big The magnesium alloy compression casting mold at present although just started but the prospects for development were good have the representation The meridian rubber tire mold also is the development direction detachable mold technology difficulty is biggest With fast takes shape some fast pattern making technologies and the corresponding fast economical mold which the technology unifies has the very good prospects for development These high tech content molds in 十 15 period also should the prioritize 模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造 模具是制造業(yè)的重要工藝基礎(chǔ) 在我國 模具制造屬于專用設(shè)備制造業(yè) 中國雖然很早就開始制造模具和使用模具 但長期未形成產(chǎn)業(yè) 直到 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代后期 中國模具工業(yè)才駛?cè)氚l(fā)展的快車道 近年 不僅國有模具企業(yè)有 了很大發(fā)展 三資企業(yè) 鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn) 個體 模具企業(yè)的發(fā)展也相當(dāng)迅速 雖然中國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速 但與需求相比 顯然供不應(yīng)求 其主要缺口 集中于精密 大型 復(fù)雜 長壽命模具領(lǐng)域 由于在模具精度 壽命 制造周 期及生產(chǎn)能力等方面 中國與國際平均水平和發(fā)達(dá)國家仍有較大差距 因此 每年需要大量進(jìn)口模具 中國模具產(chǎn)業(yè)除了要繼續(xù)提高生產(chǎn)能力 今后更要著重于行業(yè)內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的 調(diào)整和技術(shù)發(fā)展水平的提高 結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整方面 主要是企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)向?qū)I(yè)化調(diào)整 產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)向著中高檔模具發(fā)展 向進(jìn)出口結(jié)構(gòu)的改進(jìn) 中高檔汽車覆蓋件模具 成形分析及結(jié)構(gòu)改進(jìn) 多功能復(fù)合模具和復(fù)合加工及激光技術(shù)在模具設(shè)計(jì)制造 上的應(yīng)用 高速切削 超精加工及拋光技術(shù) 信息化方向發(fā)展 近年 模具行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和體制改革步伐加大 主要表現(xiàn)在 大型 精密 復(fù)雜 長壽命 中高檔模具及模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件發(fā)展速度高于一般模具產(chǎn)品 塑料模 和壓鑄模比例增大 專業(yè)模具廠數(shù)量及其生產(chǎn)能力增加 三資 及私營企業(yè)發(fā) 展迅速 股份制改造步伐加快等 從地區(qū)分布來看 以珠江三角洲和長江三角 洲為中心的東南沿海地區(qū)發(fā)展快于中西部地區(qū) 南方的發(fā)展快于北方 目前發(fā) 展最快 模具生產(chǎn)最為集中的省份是廣東和浙江 江蘇 上海 安徽和山東等 地近幾年也有較大發(fā)展 雖然我國模具總量目前已達(dá)到相當(dāng)規(guī)模 模具水平也有很大提高 但設(shè)計(jì) 制造水平總體上落后于德 美 日 法 意等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家許多 當(dāng)前存在的 問題和差距主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面 1 總量供不應(yīng)求 國內(nèi)模具自配率只有 70 左右 其中低檔模具供過于求 中高檔模具自配率只 有 50 左右 2 企業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu) 產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu) 技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)和進(jìn)出口結(jié)構(gòu)均不合理 我國模具生產(chǎn)廠中多數(shù)是自產(chǎn)自配的工模具車間 分廠 自產(chǎn)自配比例高達(dá) 60 左右 而國外模具超過 70 屬商品模具 專業(yè)模具廠大多是 大而全 小 而全 的組織形式 而國外大多是 小而專 小而精 國內(nèi)大型 精密 復(fù)雜 長壽命的模具占總量比例不足 30 而國外在 50 以上 2004 年 模具進(jìn)出口 之比為 3 7 1 進(jìn)出口相抵后的凈進(jìn)口額達(dá) 13 2 億美元 為世界模具凈進(jìn)口量最 大的國家 3 模具產(chǎn)品水平大大低于國際水平 生產(chǎn)周期卻高于國際水平 產(chǎn)品水平低主要表現(xiàn)在模具的精度 型腔表面粗糙度 壽命及結(jié)構(gòu)等方面 4 開發(fā)能力較差 經(jīng)濟(jì)效益欠佳 我國模具企業(yè)技術(shù)人員比例低 水平較低 且不重視產(chǎn)品開發(fā) 在市場中 經(jīng)常處于被動地位 我國每個模具職工平均年創(chuàng)造產(chǎn)值約合 1 萬美元 國外模 具工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家大多是 15 20 萬美元 有的高達(dá) 25 30 萬美元 與之相對的 是我國相當(dāng)一部分模具企業(yè)還沿用過去作坊式管理 真正實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化企業(yè)管理 的企業(yè)較少 造成上述差距的原因很多 除了歷史上模具作為產(chǎn)品長期未得到應(yīng)有的重 視 以及多數(shù)國有企業(yè)機(jī)制不能適應(yīng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)之外 還有下列幾個原因 1 國家對模具工業(yè)的政策支持力度還不夠 雖然國家已經(jīng)明確頒布了模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策 但配套政策少 執(zhí)行力度弱 目前享受模具產(chǎn)品增值稅的企業(yè)全國只有 185 家 大多數(shù)企業(yè)仍舊稅負(fù)過重 模具企業(yè)進(jìn)行技術(shù)改造引進(jìn)設(shè)備要繳納相當(dāng)數(shù)量的稅金 影響技術(shù)進(jìn)步 而且 民營企業(yè)貸款十分困難 2 人才嚴(yán)重不足 科研開發(fā)及技術(shù)攻關(guān)投入太少 模具行業(yè)是技術(shù) 資金 勞動密集的產(chǎn)業(yè) 隨著時代的進(jìn)步和技術(shù)的發(fā)展 掌 握并且熟練運(yùn)用新技術(shù)的人才異常短缺 高級模具鉗工及企業(yè)管理人才也非常 緊張 由于模具企業(yè)效益欠佳及對科研開發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關(guān)重視不夠 科研單位和 大專院校的眼睛盯著創(chuàng)收 導(dǎo)致模具行業(yè)在科研開發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關(guān)方面投入太少 致使模具技術(shù)發(fā)展步伐不大