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情態(tài)動詞,Modal verbs,citizen vest underwear otherwise transport per,n. 公民；居民 n. 背心；汗衫；坎肩 pron. 內(nèi)衣 adv. 否則，不然 n. 交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng);運(yùn)輸 prep. 每；每一,Words and Expressions,情態(tài)動詞表示說話人的某種 感情或語氣，對某一動作 或狀態(tài)的某種態(tài)度。 表示“需要、可以、 必須、應(yīng)當(dāng)”等。,什么是情態(tài)動詞？(modal verbs),Athletes at the ancient games could only be men who spoke Greek, but today, men and women from around the world can compete.,We call the red words —— modal verbs.,Note 2,Note 1,Modal verbs,,,ability,certainty,permission,obligation,make requests,make suggestions,make offers,give advice,能力,義務(wù), 職責(zé),確定,許可,提出要求,給出建議,提供幫助,提出忠告,Words like can, will, may, must, and a few others are called modals. Modal verbs help other verbs express a meaning or an idea. Some common uses of the modals are these: Ability: He can speak English now. He couldn’t speak English a year ago. I’m not able to come to the game on Friday.,Obligation: You must fasten your seat belts. (strong) You should pay attention. (weak) You ought to pay attention. Certainty: It may rain. How could I forget an important thing like that? He can’t /couldn’t have known the result. Permission: All passengers may now board. We can board now.,Make requests: Can you help me with my training? Make suggestions: Shall we do some exercise this morning? Make offers: I’ll wash your sports jacket. Shall I get a ticket for you? Give advice: You should not/ought not to eat a lot before swimming.,表示推測——情態(tài)動詞的重要用法,+ V. 常見 must be,+ V. / + be doing,+ have done,+ V.,must,may/might,+ V. / + be doing,+ have + done,可以用not表示“可能不”,,can’t/ couldn’t,can/could,+ V. / + be doing,+V.,+ have done,+ V.,+ V. / + be doing,+ have done,在不表示推測的情態(tài)動詞中, 我們要注意以下方面的問題:,1. 表示能力、許可的情態(tài)動詞的用法。 2. shall 和 will 的多種意義的區(qū)別。 3. 表示否定的情態(tài)動詞的用法。 4. 情態(tài)動詞短語的使用。 5. 虛擬語氣中情態(tài)動詞的使用。,表示能力: can, could, be able to be able to 能用于各種時態(tài)。 can / could 只能表示現(xiàn)在或過去的能力。 was / were able to 設(shè)法做成某事 相當(dāng)于 managed to do sth. succeeded in doing sth.,1. 表示能力、許可的情態(tài)動詞的用法。,表示許可: may / might, can / could might, could 比較委婉, 一般多用于疑 問句。 can, may 表達(dá)的語言比較隨便。 在以could, might 表示征詢對方意見 或表示請求時，回答應(yīng)相應(yīng)使用can, may。,,2. 情態(tài)動詞shall, will 的多種意義:,shall / will+ 動詞原形:,,* shall 可表示必須、命令、警告或征詢意見。,* will 可表示意愿、常出現(xiàn)的動作，在疑問 句中表示請求和建議。,* 均可表示將來。 過去時為 should, would。,3. 表示否定的情態(tài)動詞的用法:,mustn’t 不準(zhǔn); 禁止 needn’t 沒必要 ( = don’t have to ) can’t 不能; 不可能 may not 不可以; 可能不 shouldn’t 不應(yīng)該 ( = ought not to ),部分情態(tài)動詞的否定式是情態(tài)動詞中的考點(diǎn)之一。,不同的“肯定”程度可按下列層次排列： He is at home. (事實(shí)) He must be at home.（非?？隙ǖ耐茢啵?He ought to be at home.（很可能） He could be at home.（很可能） He may be at home.（僅僅可能而已） He might be at home.（或許, 非常不確定） He couldn’t be at home.（很可能不在家） He can’t be at home.（一定不在家） He isn't at home.（事實(shí)）,4. 情態(tài)動詞短語的使用:,would like to do… would rather do… would rather + 從句 would prefer to do. had better do.,5. 用于虛擬語氣的情態(tài)動詞:,should might could would needn’t ought to,既可做情態(tài)動詞又可做普通動詞,,,,,情態(tài)動詞 (+動詞原形),行為動詞,,,,,.,need,dare,1. 無人稱和數(shù)的變化;,2. 尤其用于：,*否定句及疑問句中;,*在if/whether之后;,*或與hardly, never, no one, nobody連用;,3. 常以needn’t 和daren’t 的形式出現(xiàn);,4. dare有其過去時dared.,多用于肯定句; (sb.) need to do dare to do need to be done need doing,,,,need / dare,注意對need問句的回答: --Need I finish the work today? --Yes, ________________. No, ________________. No, ________________.,you must,you needn’t,you don’t have to,needn’t 對其它情態(tài)動詞的回答: --Shall I tell John about it? --No, you _____________________. --Must we do it now? --No, you _____________________.,needn’t (don’t have to),needn’t (don’t have to),,dare可用實(shí)意動詞和情態(tài)動詞，用作情態(tài)動詞時，意思是“敢”，其后接動詞原形，通常只用于否定句或疑問句以及if或whether之后，一般不用于肯定句。如： Dare you tell her the truth？ 你敢告訴她事實(shí)真相嗎？ I don’t know whether he dare try. 我不知他是否敢試一試。 I daren’t ask her for a rise. 我不敢要求她加薪。,,dare用作實(shí)意動詞時意為“敢于”，可以有各種詞形變化，可用于各類句型（肯定句、否定句、疑問句及各類從句等），其后多接帶 to 的不定式，有時 to 也可省去（尤其是在否定句或疑問句），可用于非謂語形式，完成時態(tài)等。如： We must dare to think, speak and act. 我們必須敢想、敢說、敢做。 I wonder how he dares (to) say such things. 我納悶他怎么竟敢說出這樣的話來。,,情態(tài)動詞dare可以有過去式dared，但也可以直接用dare表示過去式，或后接動詞完 成式。如： That was why he dared do so. 那就是他為什么敢這樣做的原因。 Mother dare(d) not tell father she’d given away his old jacket. 母親不敢告訴父親她把他的舊上衣送人了。,dare的過去式問題,dare后通常不接動詞的進(jìn)行式。,Nobody need to be afraid of catching the disease. Nobody need be afraid of catching the disease.,These dishes need be cleaned carefully. These dishes need to be cleaned carefully. These dishes need cleaning carefully.,,,,,,,,判斷正誤:,How dare you say such a thing? How dare you to say such a thing?,He daren’t to speak English before such a crowd, did he? He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?,,,,,,,情態(tài)動詞的語法特征,1. 情態(tài)動詞不能單獨(dú)做謂語，除ought 和have外，后面只能接不帶to的不定式。,2. 情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱、數(shù)的變化，但有 些情態(tài)動詞，如can, will也有一般式 和過去式的變化。,只作情態(tài)動詞的 can/could, may/might, ought to, must 可情態(tài)可實(shí)義的 need, dare/dared 可情態(tài)可助動詞的 shall/should, will/would 相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動詞的 have to, used to,3. 情態(tài)動詞的“時態(tài)”形式并不是時間區(qū)別 的主要標(biāo)志，不少情況下，情態(tài)動詞的 現(xiàn)在式形式和過去式形式都可用來表示 現(xiàn)在時間、過去時間和將來時間。,1. can的主要用法是： A. 表示體力或腦力的能力： eg. The girl can dance very well. B. 表示說話者的推測﹑事物的可能性: eg. Can the news be true? C. 在口語中, can可以表示請求或允許： eg. Can I sit here?,can和could,2. could的主要用法是： A. could 是can的過去式, 表示與過去 有關(guān)的能力和推測: eg. We all knew that the young man couldn’t be a doctor. B. could可以代替can表示請求, 但語氣較can客氣、委婉:,eg. Could you lend me your dictionary? Could I use your bike? 3. can和could接動詞的完成形式，表示 可能已經(jīng)做某事。can用在否定和疑 問句中, 表示不相信、懷疑等態(tài)度。 eg. They can't have gone out because the light is still on.,may常用來： A. 表示請求、允許： 比can較為正式: eg. May I come in ? You may go now. B. 表示說話人的猜測: “也許” “可能”: 通常只用于肯定句和否定句中。,may和might,eg. I believe the man is from England. But I may be wrong. The guest may arrive this afternoon. 在肯定句中，may的可能性比can高，may表示現(xiàn)實(shí)的可能性，can表示理論上的可能性。如：,The road may be blocked. 這條路可能不通了。 The road can be blocked. 這條路可能會是不通的。 在疑問句中，表示可能性用can。 如：Where can he be? 他會在哪呢？,C. 表示祝愿;但語氣較正式: eg. May you succeed! May you have a good journey! might 的用法有: 多在間接引語中表示過去的可能和允許。如: She said that he might take her bike. 她說他可以拿她的自行車去用。,除了在間接引語中以外，might一般不表示過去的可能或者許可。如要表示過去的可能可以用could, 表示過去的許可可以用was (were) allowed to或者h(yuǎn)ad permission to 。 表示現(xiàn)在的可能，其可能性要比 may 小。如：,He might go home tomorrow. 說不定他明天會回家。 表示現(xiàn)在的許可，語氣比may較委婉， 一般用于疑問句（包括間接疑問句）， 不可用于肯定句或者否定句。 如: Might I have a word with you? 我可以和你說句話嗎？,will和would,1. will是助動詞還是情態(tài)動詞？ will用于構(gòu)成將來時是助動詞。 用于表示“意志”“決心”“請求”是情態(tài)動詞。would亦同理。 eg. I will tell you something important. 我要告訴你一件重要的事情。 （助動詞）,Will you tell her that I'm here? 請您告訴她說我在這兒，好嗎？ （情態(tài)動詞） 2. 在疑問句中用于第二人稱，提出請 求或詢問。 eg: If you want help, let me know, will you? 如果你需要幫助, 讓我知道, 好嗎?,Will you type this, please? 請把這個打一下，好嗎？ Won't you sit down? 請坐下，好嗎？ 3. would比will客氣委婉。 eg: Would you help us, please? 請您幫助我們，好嗎？,（表請求）,I’d go there with you. 我要和你一塊到那兒去。 Your teacher wouldn’t allow it. 老師不會允許這件事。,（表意愿）,（表許可）,shall和should,1. shall用于構(gòu)成將來時是助動詞。 shall用于征求對方的意見， 表示 “決心” 是情態(tài)動詞。 eg: Perhaps I shall pay a visit to England this winter. 可能今年冬天我會去英國觀光。 （構(gòu)成一般將來時, 助動詞）,Shall we go by train, Mom? 媽媽，我們乘火車去好嗎？ （用于征求對方的意見，情態(tài)動詞） I shall go at once. 我必須立即去。 （表 “決心”，情態(tài)動詞）,2. should表示義務(wù)、建議、勸告，意為 “應(yīng)該”。 “should+ have+過去分詞” 表示本應(yīng)該在過去做但沒有做。 eg: You should keep your promise. 你應(yīng)該遵守諾言。 She should have passed the exam. 她應(yīng)該通過考試的。,must 的主要用法：,1. 表示必然性。 eg: We must all die. 人總要死的。 2. 表示強(qiáng)制或者義務(wù)。 eg: You must get up early. 你必須早起來。,注意: must not 的意思是不許可，不應(yīng)該或者禁止。 如：We mustn’t waste our time. --- May I take this magazine out? --- No, you mustn’t. must 用于一般疑問句的時候，肯定回答應(yīng)該用yes, please 或者 I’m afraid so, 其否定回答應(yīng)該用 needn’t 或者 don’t have to。,表示推測，語氣非?？隙?，近乎確定的 意味，一般用在肯定句。 It must be eleven o’clock now. He must be crazy. 在表示推測的否定或者疑問句中必須 用can/could, 不可以用 must。 If Mary didn’t leave here until five o’clock, she can’t be home yet. 如果瑪麗五點(diǎn)才離開這兒，她此時一定 還未到家。,I think she _______ apologise to the public.,You ________ go and see the doctor.,我認(rèn)為她應(yīng)該向公眾道歉。,你應(yīng)當(dāng)去找醫(yī)生看看病。,ought to,ought to,Fill in the blanks according to the Chinese.,Titanic ______ be a good movie.,We know if we keep at it we _______ succeed.,泰坦尼克號應(yīng)該是部好電影。,我們知道如果我們堅持下去就應(yīng)該會成功。,should,should,We ______ put on warm clothes in winter.,冬天的時候，我們不得不 穿上溫暖的衣服。,你必須把面粉和黃油和在一起。,You _______ mix the flour and the butter.,have to,have to,In England traffic _____ keep to the left.,在英國，車輛必須 靠左行駛。,All passengers ______ wear seat belts.,所有乘客都必須系安全帶。,must,must,上面的空你都填對了嗎？ 如此多的情態(tài)動詞， 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)如何使用呢？ 接下來就進(jìn)行詳細(xì) 的講解。,should 和ought to 都為“應(yīng)該”的意思， 可用于各種人稱。ought to 的語氣稍重 一些。 You ought to (should) follow your teacher’s advice.,ought to／should,表示主語的義務(wù)或責(zé)任： You should take care of your sister. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)去照顧你妹妹。 或指出一個正確、明智的動作： They shouldn't allow parking here；the street is too narrow． 這兒不該允許停車；馬路太窄了。,should 和ought to 后面跟動詞不定式的完成式, 其肯定句表示“過去應(yīng)該做而未做”, 其否定句則表示“過去不該做但做了”。 You should/ought to have made the decision a week ago. I shouldn't have made such a foolish mistake.,注意,must的用法 1. 表示主觀的義務(wù)和必要, 主要用于肯定句和疑問句, 意思為 “必須……，得……，要……”；由must引起的疑問句，肯定回答要用must或have to, 否定回答要用needn’t或don’t have to, 意思是“不必” ； must的否定形式mustn’t表示,禁止，意思是“不能, 不許”。如： —Must I finish the task right now? 我現(xiàn)在必須完成這個工作嗎？ —Yes, you must. / Yes, you have to. 是的。 (—No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. 不, 不必。),have to 的用法 1. must表示一種主觀的需要，而have to 表示一種客觀的需要，意思是 “不得不”。 如： I have to attend an important meeting this afternoon. 今天下午我不得不參加一個重要的會議。,Mother is out, so I have to look after the shop. 媽媽不在家，因此我不得不照看商店。 2. have to 的否定形式是don’t have to, 相當(dāng)于needn’t。如： They don’t have to buy a computer at present. 他們目前沒有必要買電腦。,(1) He can run the 100m sprint in 11 seconds. (2) Can this little girl read before she goes to the primary school?,ability,can表示可能性時，指的是理論上的可能，它通常不用來表示某事實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性或真實(shí)性。如： Accidents can happen. Anybody can make mistakes．,can / be able to,can / be able to,在過去時態(tài)的肯定句中需要某種條件或努力做成某事，我們要用was／were able to而不能用could。如： It was a holiday and the children were able to go to the seaside． The girl worked hard so she was able to pass the final test． I’m sorry I haven’t been able to play tennis with you recently.,shall可以用來征求對方意見。用于第一、三人稱。此外它也可以用來表示說話人的命令、警告、允諾、威脅或決心等，這時它用于第二、三人稱。如： Shall she go to the concert with us this evening? (征求意見) You shall go to the front at once．(命令) Don’t worry．You shall get the answer this very afternoon．（允諾） He shall be sorry one day．I tell you．(警告) Nothing shall stop us from fighting against pollution．(決心),shall / will,will在肯定句中表示意愿或決心時，是可以用于條件狀語從句的。在疑問句中用于第二、三人稱表示意愿。如： Will you go hiking with me in the mountain? Will he pay for me? If you will listen to me, I’ll give you some advice on how to learn English． If you will come this way, the manager will meet you． ,shall / will,mustn’t / needn’t,mustn’t 解釋為“不準(zhǔn)，不許”，語氣強(qiáng)烈；needn’t “不需要，沒必要”，語氣緩和。 You mustn’t miss this football match. It’s very important. You needn’t watch the game if you don’t want to. —Must we clean the classroom? —Yes, you must. /No, you needn’t.,(1) must (2) has to (3) should (4) must (5) ought to (6) should,P29,Answers:,(1) Shall (2) have to (3) can’t (4) would (5) Could (6) might,Part B,Answers:,can (2) can/could (3) will/may/might/could (4) mustn’t/shouldn’t/can’t/ought not to (5) mustn’t/shouldn’t/can’t/ought not to (6) can (7) needn’t/shouldn’t/ do not have to,P31,Answers:,(1) Shall (2) shall (3) Will (4) will/shall (5) will/shall (6) shall/will,Part B,Answers:,----____ I go out to play, mum? ----No, you ___. You should do your homework first. A. Might; wouldn’t B. May; had better not C. Must; mustn’t D. Need; mustn’t,Quiz I: 單選,2. ---Where is Emma? ---I can’t say for sure where she is, but she ___ be out shopping. A. can B. should C. must D. may,3. The room is in a terrible mess; it ____ cleaned. A. can’t have been B. couldn’t be C. may have been D. would be,4. There ____ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practised a lot in the driving school. A. mustn’t B. shan’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t,5. I thought you _____ like something to read, so I have brought some books. A. may B. might C. would D. must,,6. Where is my pen? I ____ it. A. might lose B. would have lost C. should have lost D. must have lost,,7. I didn’t hear the phone. I ___ asleep. A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. should have been,8. --Is John coming by train? --He should, but he ____ not. He likes driving his car. A. must B. can C. need D. may,9. It has been announced that candidates (候選人) ____ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. A. can B. will C. may D. shall,10. --I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter. --It ____ true because there was little snow there. A. may not be B. won’t be C. couldn’t be D. mustn’t be,11. Children under 12 years of age in that country ____ be under adult supervision when in a public library. (2010) A. must B. may C. can D. need,12. — What’s the name？ — Khulaifi. _____ I spell that for you？(2009) A. Might B. Would C. Can D. Shall,13. Some aspects of a pilot’s job _____ be boring, and pilots often _____ work at inconvenient hours. (2010) A. can；have to B. may；can C. have to; may D. ought to; must,14. The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I _____ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me. (2010) A. should have taken B. could have taken C. needn’t have taken D. mustn’t have taken,15. —How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful? —It ________ be, but it is now heavily polluted. (2009) A. will B. would C. should D. must,16. I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I ___ have driven her there. (2010 陜西) A. could B. must C. might D. should,17. When I was young, I was told that I ______ play with matches. (2010 上海春) A. wouldn’t B. needn’t C. mustn’t D. daren’t,18. According to the air traffic rules, you ______ switch off your mobile phone before boarding. (2010 上海) A. may B. can C. would D. should,19. —I’m sorry. I ______ at you the other day. —Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself. (2010 江蘇) A. shouldn’t shout B. shouldn’t have shouted C. mustn’t shout D. mustn’t have shouted,20. You ______ be hungry already — you had lunch only two hours ago! (2010浙江) A. wouldn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t,Quiz II: 根據(jù)漢語完成句子。,A: ____________________(我可以跟朋友 們?nèi)? to the harvest festival? B: Yes, you may. A: If I want to be a doctor, ____________ _______ (我應(yīng)該學(xué)理科嗎)? B: I think so.,May I go with friends,should I study,science,3. I don't know where she is, she _____ ___________ (可能在武漢). 4. At this moment, our teacher _______________ (想必在批改) our exam papers. 5. The road is wet. It ________________ (肯定下雨了) last night. 6. Your mother ______________________ ______ (一定一直在找你).,may,must be marking,must have rained,must have been looking,be in Wuhan,for you,7. Philip ____________________________ __________________________(可能在車 禍中受了重傷). 8. ---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. ---She ____________________ (可能上班) by bus. 9. Mike _______________ (一定還沒有找回) his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.,may (might) have been hurt,may (might) have gone,can’t have found,seriously in the car accident,1. 我不得不接受你的建議。 2. 未經(jīng)允許，你不能來這兒。 3. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)去照顧你妹妹。 4. 他們想必已到那兒了。,You mustn’t come here without permission.,You should take care of your sister.,They ought to be there by now.,I have to accept your suggestion.,Quiz III: 漢譯英,Goodbye!,Thank you!,同學(xué)們,來學(xué)校和回家的路上要注意安全,同學(xué)們,來學(xué)校和回家的路上要注意安全,