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Unit 3 Biographies of Celebrities Text A Winston Churchill Lead-in Activities Churchill’s Life 1. Politics A. 1900…Conservative MP (Members of Parliament) for Oldham奧爾漢姆保守黨下院議員 1906…Under-Secretary of State 副國務(wù)卿（或國務(wù)次卿） 1908…President of the Board of Trade.貿(mào)易大臣（貿(mào)易委員會主席） 1910...Home Secretary 內(nèi)政大臣 1911…First Lord of the Admiralty 英國海軍大臣 1912…Royal Naval Air Service & Air Department 英國海軍航空隊（RNAS） 1915…Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 蘭卡斯特公爵郡大臣 1919...Minister of War and Air 戰(zhàn)爭與航空大臣 1921…Colonial Secretary 殖民地大臣 B. Defeated by E.D. Morel at Dundee(敦提，英國蘇格蘭東部港市) in 1922 General Election Successfully elected to represent Epping in the 1924 General Election Stanley Baldwin, the leader of the new Conservative administration, appointed Churchill as Chancellor of the Exchequer In 1929, Churchill lost office C On the outbreak of the Second World War， Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty and on 4th April 1940 became chairman of the Military Coordinating Committee軍事協(xié)調(diào)委員會. In May, 1940, he became Prime Minister and Minister of Defense and remained in office until 1945. After Pearl Harbor Churchill worked closely with Franklin D. Roosevelt to ensure victory over Germany and Japan. He was also a loyal ally of the Soviet Union after Adolf Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa巴巴羅薩行動 in June, 1941. Churchill held important meetings with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin at Teheran德黑蘭 (November, 1943) and Yalta 雅爾塔(February, 1945). D He took over the premiership again in the Conservative victory of 1951 and resigned in 1955 . He remained a Member of Parliament until the general election of 1964, when he did not seek re-election. 2. Literature Churchills literary career began with campaign reports: The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898) and The River War (1899) 1900, he published his only novel, Savrola 1906, his first major work, the biography of his father, Lord Randolph Churchill 1933-1938, his other famous biography, the life of his great ancestor, The Duke of Marlborough 1923-1929, Churchills history of the First World War The World Crisis 1930, an autobiographical account of his youth, My Early Life 1948-1953/54, his memoirs of the Second World War 1956-1958, History of the English-speaking Peoples His magnificent oratory: The Unrelenting Struggle (1942), The Dawn of Liberation (1945), and Victory (1946). 3. Art Churchill, a gifted amateur painter, wrote Painting as a Pastime (1948). Before reading the text closely, scan to find the answers to the following questions. What did Churchill do in India and the Sudan between 1895 and 1898? A: He was present both as a war correspondent and as a serving officer there. What helped Churchill win a Nobel Prize for Literature? A: The History of the Second World War. How old was Churchill when he entered Parliament? A: He was 26. What event caused America’s entry into the Second World War? A: Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7，1941. Who dominated the alliance after the D-day invasion? A: The Russo-American nexus. Notes and information related to the text 1. As a young man of undistinguished academic accomplishment — he was admitted to Sandhurst after two failed attempts -— he entered the army as a cavalry officer. (Para. 1) Meaning: Having achieved nothing significant in his study, young Churchill was finally enrolled in Sandhurst Royal Military Academy after two failures as a cavalry officer. Sandhurst: a town which lies some 30 miles (48 km) west-southwest of London, best known for the nearby Royal Military Academy. Most of the potential regular officers for the British army undergo a course of general and military education as officer cadets at the academy, commonly called Sandhurst. 2. He took enthusiastically to soldiering and between 1895 and 1898 managed to see three campaigns …(Para. 1) take to: 1) become fond of or attached to; begin to like E.G. Two keen minds that they are, they took to each other. 2) start to do something often; develop as a habit or a steady practice E.G. He gave up engineering and took to medicine. 3) take refuge in, use as a means of escape, run away E.G. The escaped prisoner took to the mountain. 此句意為:他對軍事顯出了極大熱情,在1895到1898年間，他設(shè)法見識到了三場戰(zhàn)役。 3. Thus he revealed two other aspects of his character: a literary bent and an interest in public affairs. (Para. 1) bent: n. a tendency, disposition, or inclination E.G. The natural bent of his mind was to science. v. 1) form a curve, change direction E.G. The branches bend in the wind. 2) make a concession; yield E.G. Is it possible to bend nature to human will? 3) apply oneself closely; concentrate E.G. He bent (his mind) to the research project. 此句意為:因此他顯示出了性格中的另外兩個方面:文學(xué)傾向和政治興趣。 4. Writing, however, never fully engaged his energies. Politics consumed him. (Para. 2) consume: v. 1) expend; use up E.G. The project consumed most of my time and energy. 2) destroy totally E.G. The flames consumed the house. 3) purchase goods and services E.G. The Mongolians live in a society that consumes as fast as it produces 4) take in as food; eat or drink up E.G. Each year Americans consume huge amounts of potatoes. 此句意為:然而寫作從來沒有占據(jù)他的全部精力。政治卻耗盡了他的一生。 5. His disapproval surely stung, but Churchill reacted by venerating his father’s memory. (Para. 2) sting: v. 1) cause a sharp pain or discomfort, cause to suffer keenly in the mind or feelings E. G. Her ingratitude stung him. Those harsh words stung me bitterly. 2) pierce or wound painfully with or as if with a sharp-pointed structure or organ E.G. I was stung by the bee. 此句意為:父親的不以為然確實很讓他感到剌痛，但是丘吉爾卻對父親的憶力推 崇備至。 6. Winston fought to restore his father’s honor in Parliament (where it had been dented by the Conservative Party). (Para. 2) Parliament: legislative assembly of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is the sovereign power of Great Britain, whereas the monarch remains sovereign in name only. Parliament consists, technically, of the monarch, the House of Commons, and the House of Lords, but the word in common usage refers to the members of the two houses or to Commons alone. The great power of the House of Commons lies, historically, in its control of government finances. Parliament is housed in Westminster Palace. the Conservative Party: British political party, formally the Conservative and Unionist party and a continuation of the historic Tory party. 7. Thus it was as political head of the Royal Navy at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 that he stepped onto the world stage. (Para. 3) Note： This is an emphatic sentence pattern and the common sentence order should be: Thus he stepped onto the world stage as political head of the Royal Navy at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. E.G. It was from Susan that he heard of the news. It was Oxford University that he entered five years ago. 8. A passionate believer in the navy，s historic strategic role, he immediately committed the Royal Naval Division to an intervention in the Flanders campaign in 1914. (Para. 4) commit to: 1) entrust E.G. He committed us to the care of his drawings. 2) give up, hand over to E.G. They commit the patient to a. mental hospital. 3) pledge, bind (oneself) E.G. I won’t commit myself to that course of action. 9. Churchill was truly a romantic, but also truly a democrat. He had returned to the gold standard, for instance, because he cherished, for romantic reasons, Britain’s status as a great financial power. (Para. 5) gold standard: monetary system in which the standard unit of currency is a fixed quantity of gold or is kept at the value of a fixed quantity of gold. The currency is freely convertible at home or abroad into a fixed amount of gold per unit of currency. 10. In 1935 he warned the House of Commons of the importance not only of “self-preservation but also of the human and the world cause of the preservation of free governments and of Western civilization against the ever advancing sources of authority and despotism”. (Para. 5) Meaning： In 1935，he warned the House of Commons that it was important to protect England from invasion, and it was also important, for the human and world cause, to maintain free and independent governments and the Western civilization to fight against the forward moving tyranny. 此句意為：1935年他警告下議院，不僅自我保護(hù)很重要，而且為了人類和世界的事 業(yè)，保衛(wèi)自由政府和西方文明免遭曾一度強(qiáng)盛的獨裁主義的踐踏也尤為重要。 11. He nevertheless refused Hitler’s offers of peace, organized a successful air defense that led to the victory of the Battle of Britain and meanwhile sent most of what remained of the British army, after its escape from the humiliation of Dunkirk, to the Middle East to oppose HitlerV Italian ally, Mussolini. (Para. 6) 此句意為：然而，他拒絕了希特勒提出的“和平”，組織了成功的空中防御，臝得了 不列顛之戰(zhàn)的勝利；同時，在敦刻爾克大潰退后,他把大部分英軍的剩余兵力派往 中東，與希特勒的意大利同盟者墨索里尼作戰(zhàn)。 12. Its victories against Mussolini during 1940?1941 both humiliated and infuriated Hitler, while its intervention in Greece, to oppose Hitler’s invasion of the Balkans, disrupted the Nazi dictator’s plans to conclude German conquests in Europe by defeating Russia. (Para. 7) 此句意為：1940?1941$間，英軍對墨索里尼的勝利使希特細(xì)惱羞成怒。為反對希 特勒入侵巴爾干，英軍對希臘進(jìn)行軍事干涉,瓦解了納粹獨裁者通過打垮俄國實現(xiàn)德國征服歐洲的計劃。 13. Defeats in 1940 had weakened it further, as had the liquidation of its international investments to fund its early war efforts. (Para. 9) Meaning： To provide funding for its early war, Britain had settled its international investment, which had weakened its position in the world; and the defeats in 1940 had weakened its population, industry, and finance. 14. During 1942，the prestige Britain had won as Hitler’s only enemy allowed Churchill to sustain parity of leadership in the anti-Nazi alliance with Roosevelt and Stalin. (Para. 9) sustain: v. maintain E.G. The foundations were not strong enough to sustain the weight of the house. The court sustained her claim that the contract was illegal. 此句意為:在l942年期間,英國被桃為希牿勒唯一的對豐所得的聲望使丘吉爾在 反納粹同盟中享有與羅斯福和斯大林平等的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)資格。 15. It was not only his own country, though，that owed him a debt. So too did the world of free men and women to whom he had made a constant and inclusive appeal in his magnificent speeches from embattled Britain in 1940 and 1941. (Para. 11) 此句意為:不僅鳴自己的袓國感激他，全世界寒尚自由兩人民也同樣感激他。1940年 到1941年期間，大不列顛正值戰(zhàn)爭，他的精彩演講給留下了永恒而寬廣的魅力。 16.The contempt he breathed for dictators strengthened the West’s faith in the moral superiority of democracy and the inevitability of its triumph. (Para. 11) Meaning: He despised the dictators, which strengthened the westerners’ belief that democracy was superior to tyranny, and that its triumph over fascism and dictatorship was inevitable. 此句意為:他對獨裁者的蔑視使西方人更加堅信民主在道義上的優(yōu)勢及其勝利的 必然性。 Key to exercises Reading for the Key Ideas in Sentences 1. He committed the Roval Naval Division to an intervention. 2. He ensured that he stood out. 3. He refused Hitler’s offers, organized a defense and sent the British army to oppose Mussolini. 4. Its victories humiliated and infuriated Hitler. Text B Charles Darwin Lead-in Activities 1. Charles Robert Darwin (1809 –1882) British scientist（naturalist）, who laid the foundation of modern evolutionary theory with his concept of the development of all forms of life through the slow-working process of natural selection. His work was of major influence on the life and earth sciences and on modern thought in general. Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury什魯斯伯里城, England. He was born on the same day as Abraham Lincoln. Darwin was the fifth child of a wealthy and sophisticated English family. His maternal grandfather was the successful china and pottery entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood; his paternal grandfather was the well-known 18th-century physician and savant Erasmus Darwin. 2. Journey of the Beagle In 1831, Darwin set out on H.M.S. Beagle as a self-financed gentleman companion to the 26-year-old captain, Robert Fitzroy. The Beagle was on a British science expedition around the world. The voyage lasted almost five years and, Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections Darwins job as naturalist aboard the Beagle gave him the opportunity to observe the various geological formations found on different continents and islands along the way, as well as a huge variety of fossils and living organisms. In his geological observations, Darwin was most impressed with the effect that natural forces had on shaping the earths surface. 3. His Theory Darwins theory was first announced in 1858 in a paper presented at the same time as one by Alfred Russell Wallace, a young naturalist who had come independently to the theory of natural selection. Darwins complete theory was published in 1859, in On the Origin of Species. Often referred to as the book that shook the world, the Origin sold out on the first day of publication and subsequently went through six editions. Darwins theory of evolutionary selection holds that variation within species occurs randomly and that the survival or extinction of each organism is determined by that organisms ability to adapt to its environment. He set these theories forth in his book called, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) or “The Origin of Species” for short. After publication of Origin of Species, Darwin continued to write on botany, geology, and zoology until his death in 1882. Engels consider the "evolution" as one of the three major discoveries of Science of 19th century 4. His Later Years Darwin spent the rest of his life expanding on different aspects of problems raised in the Origin. His later books including The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (1868), The Descent of Man (1871), and The Expression of the Emotions in Animals and Man (1872)were detailed expositions of topics that had been confined to small sections of the Origin. The importance of his work was well recognized by his contemporaries; Darwin was elected to the Royal Society (1839) and the French Academy of Sciences (1878). He was also honored by burial in Westminster Abbey after he died in Down, Kent, on April 19, 1882. Before reading the text closely, scan to find the answers to the following questions. 1. Why did Darwin give up the idea of following a medical career? A* Because of his queasiness at the sight of blood. 2. Who created the world according to most European people at that time? A： God. 3. Who argued that animals would continue to breed until there was not enough food? A: Thomas Malthus. 4. What are the conditions of evolution? A： Heredity, variation among the offspring, and limited food. 5. What destroyed the prevailing view that the earth was.created by God? A： The book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Notes and information related to the text 1. Charles Darwin initially planned to follow a medical career, but his queasiness at the sight of blood curtailed that ambition, and instead he went to Cambridge to study divinity. (Para. 1) Cambridge: at Cambridge, England, one of the oldest English-language universities in the world. Originating in the early 12th century, Cambridge was organized into residential colleges, like those of Oxford, by the end of the 13th century. 2. However, he had brought Lyell，s Principles of Geology to read on the Beagle. (Para. 2) Lyell (1797?1875): Scottish geologist largely responsible for the general acceptance of the view that all features of the Earth’s surface are produced by physical, chemical, and biological processes through long periods of geological time. The concept was called uniformitarianism (Initially set forth by Jame? Hutton). Lyell believed that there were natural explanations for all geologic phenomena，a position he supported with many examples in his three-volume Principles of Geology (1830^1833). 3. Upon reaching South America he observed yet more variety and began pondering the origin of all these species. (Para. 3) Meaning: As soon as he reached South America, he observed yet more variety and began meditating on the origin of all these species. E.G. Upon/On arriving at the station, we took a bus. Upon/On seeing the teacher, the children scattered in all directions. 句意為:一到南美,他就觀察到更廣泛的物種，并開始思索所有這些物種的起源。 4. The breakthrough in his ideas came in the Galapagos Islands, a collection of ten hot black volcanic lumps 500 miles west of South America. (Para. 3) Galapagos Islands: island group of the eastern Pacific Ocean, admiriistratively a province of Ecuador. Galapagos is a Spanish word. With a total land area of 3,093 .square miles (8,010 square km), the Galapagos consists of 13 major islands (ranging in area from 5.4 to 1,771 square miles [14 to 4,588 square km]), 6 smaller islands, and scores of islets and rocks lying athwart the Equator 600 miles (1,000 km) west of the mainland of Ecuador. 5. The Islands were home to the Galapagos finches, a bird that was to become famous because of its influence on Darwin’s thinking — he shot a number of these to be kept for further study. (Para. 3) Note： The structure abe + to ddw marks the future tense. E.G. Hurry up. The train is to depart at 9 o’clock. He was to enter that famous university he had dreamed of. 6. While these birds were undeniably all finches, they were also very different from each other. (Para. 4) Meaning： Although undoubtedly these birds were all finches, they were also very different from each other. Note: “While” here introduces a concessive clause, meaning “although”. E.G. While she likes the coat, she could not afford it. While he had a cold, he came to the class as usual. 7. On James Island, for example, he found a total of 71 species of plants, and of these 30 were unique to that island — to the best of his knowledge they existed nowhere else on earth. (Para. 4) Meaning： On James Island, for example, he found altogether 71 species of plants, of which 30 were only found in that island i— as far as he knew, they didn’t exist elsewhere. 8. He rejected the idea that God had created the Galapagos Island birds to match the nuts found there, and he rejected the idea that the birds could deliberately modify themselves to grow big beaks. (Para. 6) Meaning： He refused to accept the idea that God had created the Galapagos Island birds so that they could eat the large hard-shelled seeds found there, and that the birds intentionally changed themselves to grow big beaks so that they could eat the nuts. 9. His alternative was shocking because it relied instead on entirely random change. (Para. 6) rely on: be dependent on, as for support or maintenance E.G. Charities rely on voluntary contributions. Now that you have grown up, you should not rely on your parents any more. 此句意為:他的不同看法令人震驚,因為他認(rèn)為進(jìn)化完全依賴于隨機(jī)變化。 10. The implication was staggering ——as long as there was heredity, variation among the offspring, and limited food, there had to be evolution. (Para. 8) Meaning: The implication was astonishing ~ so long as there was he Y variation among the offspring, and limited food, there had to be evolution. staggering: adj. surprisingly impressive, astonishing E.G. The soldier received no staggering wound from any of the three shots. 11. He worked on this theory for 20 years, until finally kicked into action by a letter from Alfred Russel Wallace, who had come to almost identical conclusions. (Para. 8) kick into action: (informal) cause to start operating or happening; cause to become operative or take effect E.G. The emergency generator was kicked into action when the power failed. Note： Some conjunctions can introduce an elliptical clause if the main sentence and the clause have a common subject. E.G. If useful, the machine will be introduced to our factory. W